America Past and Present, Volume 2

Designed for introductory-level survey courses in American History. America Past and Presentintegrates the social and political dimensions of American history into one rich chronological narrative, providing students with a full picture of the scope and complexity of the American past. Written in a lively narrative style by award-winning historians,America Past and Presenttells the story of all Americans-elite and ordinary, women and men, rich and poor, white majority and minorities. The authors, all active, publishing, and award-winning historians, bring history to life for introductory students inAmerica Past and Present.

Robert A. Divine

Robert A. Divine, George W. Littlefield Professor Emeritus in American History at the University of Texas at Austin, received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1954. A specialist in American diplomatic history, he taught from 1954 to 1996 at the University of Texas, where he was honored by both the student association and the graduate school for teaching excellence. His extensive published work includes The Illusion of Neutrality (1962); Second Chance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America During World War II (1967); and Blowing on the Wind (1978). His most recent work is Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace (2000), a comparative analysis of twentieth-century American wars. He is also the author of Eisenhower and the Cold War (1981) and editor of three volumes of essays on the presidency of Lyndon Johnson. His book, The Sputnik Challenge (1993), won the Eugene E. Emme Astronautical Literature Award for 1993. He has been a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and has given the Albert Shaw Lectures in Diplomatic History at Johns Hopkins University.

 

T. H. Breen

T. H. Breen, William Smith Mason Professor of American History at North­ western Uni­ versity, received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1968. He has taught at Northwestern since 1970. Breen’s major books include The Character of the Good Ruler: A Study of Puritan Political Ideas in New England (1974); Puritans and Adventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America (1980); Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution (1985); and, with Stephen Innes of the University of Virginia, “Myne Owne Ground”: Race and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore (1980). His Imagining the Past (1989) won the 1990 Historic Preservation Book Award. His most recent book is Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (2004). In addition to receiving several awards for outstanding teaching at Northwestern, Breen has been the recipient of research grants from the American Council of Learned Societies, the Guggenheim Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), the National Humanities Center, and the Huntington Library. He has served as the Fowler Hamilton Fellow at Christ Church, Oxford University (1987–1988), the Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions, Cambridge University (1990–1991), the Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University (2000–2001), and was a recipient of the Humboldt Prize (Germany). He is currently completing a book tentatively entitled America ’s Insurgency: The People’s Revolution, 1774–1776.

 

George M. Fredrickson

George M. Fredrickson is Edgar E. Robinson Professor Emeritus of United States History at Stanford Uni­ versity. He is the author or editor of several books, including The Inner Civil War (1965), The Black Image in the White Mind (1971), and White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (1981), which won both the Ralph Waldo Emerson Award from Phi Beta Kappa and the Merle Curti Award from the Organization of American Historians. His most recent books are Black Liberation: A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and South Africa (1995); The Comparative Imagination: Racism, Nationalism, and Social Movements (1997); and Racism: A Short History (2002). He received his A.B. and Ph.D. from Harvard and has been the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, two National Endowment for the Humanities Senior Fellowships, and a fellowship from the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences. Before coming to Stanford in 1984, he taught at Northwestern. He has also served as Fulbright lecturer in American History at Moscow University and as the Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford. He served as president of the Organization of American Historians in 1997–1998.

 

R. Hal Williams

R. Hal Williams is professor of history at Southern Methodist University. He received his A.B. from Prince­ ton Uni­ versity in 1963 and his Ph.D. from Yale Uni­ versity in 1968. His books include The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880–1896 (1973); Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s (1978); and The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age (1990). A specialist in American political history, he taught at Yale University from 1968 to 1975 and came to SMU in 1975 as chair of the Department of History. From 1980 to 1988, he served as dean of Dedman College, the school of humanities and sciences, at SMU, where he is currently dean of Research and Graduate Studies. In 1980, he was a visiting professor at University College, Oxford University. Williams has received grants from the American Philosophical Society and the National Endowment for the Humanities, and he has served on the Texas Committee for the Humanities. He is currently working on a study of the presidential election of 1896 and a biography of James G. Blaine, the late-nineteenth-century speaker of the House, secretary of state, and Republican presidential candidate.

 

Ariela J. Gross

Ariela J. Gross is Professor of Law and History at the University of Southern Cali­ fornia. She received her B.A. from Harvard University, her J.D. from Stanford Law School, and her Ph.D. from Stanford University. She is the author of Double Character: Slavery and Mastery in the Antebellum Southern Courtroom (2000) and ­ numerous law review articles and book chapters, including “‘Caucasian Cloak’: Mexican Americans and the Politics of Whiteness in the Twentieth-Century Southwest” in the Georgetown Law Journal (2006). Her current work in progress, What Blood Won’t Tell: Racial Identity on Trial in America, to be published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux, is supported by fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the American Council for Learned Societies.

 

H. W. Brands

H. W. Brands is the Dickson Allen Anderson Centennial Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of numerous works of history and ­ international affairs, including The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (1993), Into the Labyrinth: The United States and the Middle East (1994), The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s (1995), TR: The Last Romantic (a biography of Theodore Roosevelt) (1997), What America Owes the World: The Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (1998), The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (2000), The Strange Death of American Liberalism (2001), The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream (2002), Woodrow Wilson (2003), and Andrew Jackson (2005). His writing has received critical and popular acclaim; The First American was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and a national bestseller. He lectures frequently across North America and in Europe. His essays and reviews have appeared in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times, and Atlantic Monthly. He is a regular guest on radio and television, and has participated in several historical documentary films.

Brief Contents

Chapter 16

The Agony of Reconstruction

Chapter 17

The West: Exploiting an Empire 

Chapter 18

The Industrial Society 

Chapter 19

Toward an Urban Society, 1877—1900 

Chapter 20

Political Realignments in the 1890s 

Chapter 21

Toward Empire 

Chapter 22

The Progressive Era 

Chapter 23

From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism 

Chapter 24

The Nation at War 

Chapter 25

Transition to Modern America 

Chapter 26

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal

Chapter 27

America and the World, 1921—1945

Chapter 28

The Onset of the Cold War 

Chapter 29

Affluence and Anxiety 

Chapter 30

The Turbulent Sixties

Chapter 31

The Rise of a New Conservatism, 1969—1988 

Chapter 32

To the Twenty-first Century, 1989—2006 

 

Detailed Contents

Chapter 16

THE AGONY OF RECONSTRUCTION

Robert Smalls and Black Politicians During

Reconstruction

The President vs. Congress

Wartime Reconstruction

Andrew Johnson at the Helm

Congress Takes the Initiative

Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted

The Impeachment Crisis

Reconstructing Southern Society

Reorganizing Land and Labor

Black Codes: A New Name for Slavery?

Republican Rule in the South

Claiming Public and Private Rights

Retreat from Reconstruction

Rise of the Money Question

Final Efforts of Reconstruction

A Reign of Terror Against Blacks

Spoilsmen vs. Reformers

Reunion and the New South

The Compromise of 1877

“Redeeming” a New South

The Rise of Jim Crow

Conclusion: Henry McNeal Turner and the “Unfinished

Revolution”

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Changing Views of Reconstruction

Chapter 17

THE WEST: EXPLOITING AN EMPIRE

Lean Bear’s Changing West

Beyond the Frontier

Crushing the Native Americans

Life of the Plains Indians

“As Long as Waters Run”: Searching for an Indian Policy

Final Battles on the Plains

The End of Tribal Life

Settlement of the West

Men and Women on the Overland Trail

Land for the Taking

Territorial Government

The Spanish-Speaking Southwest

The Bonanza West

The Mining Bonanza

Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza

Sodbusters on the Plains: The Farming Bonanza

New Farming Methods

Discontent on the Farm

The Final Fling

Conclusion: The Meaning of the West

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Blacks in Blue: The Buffalo Soldiers in the West

Chapter 18

THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

A Machine Culture

Industrial Development

An Empire on Rails

“Emblem of Motion and Power”

Building the Empire

Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines

Rails Across the Continent

Problems of Growth

An Industrial Empire

Carnegie and Steel

Rockefeller and Oil

The Business of Invention

The Sellers

The Wage Earners

Working Men,Working Women,Working Children

Culture of Work

Labor Unions

Labor Unrest

Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Chicago’s “Second Nature”

Chapter 19

TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877—1900

The Overcrowded City

The Lure of the City

Skyscrapers and Suburbs

Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding

Strangers in a New Land

Immigrants and the City

The House That Tweed Built

Social and Cultural Change, 1877—1900

Manners and Mores

Leisure and Entertainment

Changes in Family Life

Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness Among Women

Educating the Masses

Higher Education

The Stirrings of Reform

Progress and Poverty

New Currents in Social Thought

The Settlement Houses

A Crisis in Social Welfare

Conclusion: The Pluralistic Society

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Ellis Island: Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears

_ LAW and SOCIETY

Plessy v. Ferguson: The Shaping of Jim Crow

Chapter 20

POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890S

Hardship and Heartache

Politics of Stalemate

The Party Deadlock

Experiments in the States

Reestablishing Presidential Power

Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress

Tariffs, Trusts, and Silver

The 1890 Elections

The Rise of the Populist Movement

The Farm Problem

The Fast-Growing Farmers’ Alliance

The People’s Party

The Crisis of the Depression

The Panic of 1893

Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike

The Miners of the Midwest

A Beleaguered President

Breaking the Party Deadlock

Changing Attitudes

“Everybody Works But Father”

Changing Themes in Literature

The Presidential Election of 1896

The Mystique of Silver

The Republicans and Gold

The Democrats and Silver

Campaign and Election

The McKinley Administration

Conclusion: A Decade’s Dramatic Changes

_ FEATURE ESSAY

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Chapter 21

TOWARD EMPIRE

Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

America Looks Outward

Catching the Spirit of Empire

Reasons for Expansion

Foreign Policy Approaches, 1867—1900

The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa

The New Navy

War with Spain

A War for Principle

“A Splendid Little War”

“Smoked Yankees”

The Course of the War

Acquisition of Empire

The Treaty of Paris Debate

Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines

Governing the Empire

The Open Door

Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spain

_ FEATURE ESSAY

The 400 Million Customers of China

Chapter 22

THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

Muckrakers Call for Reform

The Changing Face of Industrialism

The Innovative Model T

The Burgeoning Trusts

Managing the Machines

Society’s Masses

Better Times on the Farm

Women and Children at Work

The Niagara Movement and the NAACP

“I Hear the Whistle”: Immigrants in the Labor Force

Conflict in the Workplace

Organizing Labor

Working with Workers

Amoskeag

A New Urban Culture

Production and Consumption

Living and Dying in an Urban Nation

Popular Pastimes

Experimentation in the Arts

Conclusion: A Ferment of Discovery and Reform

_ FEATURE ESSAY

The Triangle Fire

Chapter 23

FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF

PROGRESSIVISM

The Republicans Split

The Spirit of Progressivism

The Rise of the Professions

The Social-Justice Movement

The Purity Crusade

Woman Suffrage,Women’s Rights

A Ferment of Ideas: Challenging the Status Quo

Reform in the Cities and States

Interest Groups and the Decline of Popular Politics

Reform in the Cities

Action in the States

The Republican Roosevelt

Busting the Trusts

“Square Deal” in the Coalfields

Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height

Regulating the Railroads

Cleaning up Food and Drugs

Conserving the Land

The Ordeal of William Howard Taft

Party Insurgency

The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Taft Alienates the Progressives

Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom

The New Freedom in Action

Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism

Conclusion: The Fruits of Progressivism

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Madam C. J. Walker: African American Business

Pioneer

_ LAW and SOCIETY

Muller v. Oregon: Expanding the Definition of Acceptable

Evidence

Chapter 24

THE NATION AT WAR

The Sinking of the Lusitania

A New World Power

“I Took the Canal Zone”

The Roosevelt Corollary

Ventures in the Far East

Taft and Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign Policy Under Wilson

Conducting Moral Diplomacy

Troubles Across the Border

Toward War

The Neutrality Policy

Freedom of the Seas

The U-Boat Threat

“He Kept Us Out of War”

The Final Months of Peace

Over There

Mobilization

War in the Trenches

Over Here

The Conquest of Convictions

A Bureaucratic War

Labor in the War

The Treaty of Versailles

A Peace at Paris

Rejection in the Senate

Conclusion: Postwar Disillusionment

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Measuring the Mind

Chapter 25

TRANSITION TO MODERN AMERICA

Wheels for the Millions

The Second Industrial Revolution

The Automobile Industry

Patterns of Economic Growth

Economic Weaknesses

City Life in the Jazz Age

Women and the Family

The Roaring Twenties

The Flowering of the Arts

The Rural Counterattack

The Fear of Radicalism

Prohibition

The Ku Klux Klan

Immigration Restriction

The Fundamentalist Challenge

Politics of the 1920s

Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover

Republican Policies

The Divided Democrats

The Election of 1928

Conclusion: The Old and the New

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Marcus Garvey: Racial Redemption and Black

Nationalism

_ LAW and SOCIETY

The Scopes “Monkey” Trial: Contesting Cultural

Differences

Chapter 26

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE NEW DEAL

The Struggle Against Despair

The Great Depression

The Great Crash

Effect of the Depression

Fighting the Depression

Hoover and Voluntarism

The Emergence

The Hundred Days

Roosevelt and Recovery

Roosevelt and Relief

Roosevelt and Reform

Challenges to FDR

Social Security

Labor Legislation

Impact of the New Deal

Rise of Organized Labor

The New Deal Record on Help to Minorities

Women at Work

End of the New Deal

The Election of 1936

The Supreme Court Fight

The New Deal in Decline

Conclusion: The New Deal and American Life

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Eleanor Roosevelt and the Quest for Social Justice

Chapter 27

AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921—1945

A Pact Without Power

Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry

Retreat in Europe

Cooperation in Latin America

Rivalry in Asia

Isolationism

The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality

War in Europe

The Road to War

From Neutrality to Undeclared War

Showdown in the Pacific

Turning the Tide Against the Axis

Wartime Partnerships

Halting the German Blitz

Checking Japan in the Pacific

The Home Front

The Arsenal of Democracy

A Nation on the Move

Win-the-War Politics

Victory

War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy

Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific

Conclusion: The Transforming Power of War

_ FEATURE ESSAY

The Face of the Holocaust

Chapter 28

THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR

The Potsdam Summit

The Cold War Begins

The Division of Europe

Withholding Economic Aid

The Atomic Dilemma

Containment

The Truman Doctrine

The Marshall Plan

The Western Military Alliance

The Berlin Blockade

The Cold War Expands

The Military Dimension

The Cold War in Asia

The Korean War

The Cold War at Home

Truman’s Troubles

Truman Vindicated

The Loyalty Issue

McCarthyism in Action

The Republicans in Power

Eisenhower Wages the Cold War

Entanglement in Indochina

Containing China

Covert Actions

Waging Peace

Conclusion: The Continuing Cold War

_ FEATURE ESSAY

America Enters the Middle East

Chapter 29

AFFLUENCE AND ANXIETY

Levittown : The Flight to the Suburbs

The Postwar Boom

Postwar Prosperity

Life in the Suburbs

The Good Life?

Areas of Greatest Growth

Critics of the Consumer Society

Farewell to Reform

Truman and the Fair Deal

Eisenhower’s Modern Republicanism

The Struggle over Civil Rights

Civil Rights as a Political Issue

Desegregating the Schools

The Beginnings of Black Activism

Conclusion: Restoring National Confidence

_ FEATURE ESSAY

The Reaction to Sputnik

Chapter 30

THE TURBULENT SIXTIES

Kennedy versus Nixon: The First Televised Presidential

Candidate Debate

Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War

Flexible Response

Crisis over Berlin

Containment in Southeast Asia

Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco

Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis

The New Frontier at Home

The Congressional Obstacle

Economic Advance

Moving Slowly on Civil Rights

“I Have a Dream”

The Supreme Court and Reform

“Let Us Continue”

Johnson in Action

The Election of 1964

The Triumph of Reform

Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War

The Vietnam Dilemma

Escalation

Stalemate

Years of Turmoil

The Student Revolt

Protesting the Vietnam War

The Cultural Revolution

“Black Power”

Ethnic Nationalism

Women’s Liberation

The Return of Richard Nixon

Vietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson

The Democrats Divide

The Republican Resurgence

Conclusion: The End of an Era

_ FEATURE ESSAY

Unintended Consequences: The Second Great

Migration

Chapter 31

THE RISE OF A NEW CONSERVATISM,

1969—1988

Reagan and America’s Shift to the Right

The Tempting of Richard Nixon

Pragmatic Liberalism

Détente

Ending the Vietnam War

The Watergate Scandal

The Economy of Stagflation

War and Oil

The Great Inflation

The Shifting American Economy

A New Environmentalism

Private Lives, Public Issues

The Changing American Family

Gains and Setbacks for Women

The Gay Liberation Movement

The AIDS Epidemic

Politics and Diplomacy after Watergate

The Ford Administration

Carter and American Malaise

Troubles Abroad

The Collapse of Détente

The Reagan Revolution

The Election of 1980

Cutting Taxes and Spending

Unleashing the Private Sector

Reagan and the World

Challenging the “Evil Empire”

Confrontation in Central America

More Trouble in the Middle East

Trading Arms for Hostages

Reagan the Peacemaker

Conclusion: Challengingthe New Deal

_ FEATURE ESSAY

The Christian Right

_ LAW and SOCIETY

Roe v. Wade: The Struggle over Women’s Reproductive

Rights

Chapter 32

TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 1989—2009

“This Will Not Stand”: Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold

War Era

The First President Bush

Republicans at Home

Ending the Cold War

The Gulf War

The Changing Faces of America

A People on the Move

The Revival of Immigration

Emerging Hispanics

Advance and Retreat for African Americans

Americans from Asia and the Middle East

Assimilation or Diversity?

The New Democrats

The Election of 1992

Clinton and Congress

Scandal in the White House

Clinton and the World

Old Rivals in New Light

To Intervene or Not

The Balkan Wars

Republicans Triumphant

The Disputed Election of 2000

George W. Bush at Home

The War on Terror

A New American Empire?

Bush Reelected

Old Issues, New Challenges

The Culture Wars Continue

Doubting the Future

Echoes of the Thirties

A New FDR?

Conclusion: The Vulnerabilities of Power

_ FEATURE ESSAY

The Battle of Seattle