Animal Behavior

1 An Introduction to Animal Behavior
1.1 Natural Selection and the Evolution of Behavior
--1.1.1 The Cost-Benefit Approach
--1.1.2 The Levels of Analysis
--1.1.3 The Integrative Study of Animal Behavior
1.2 Approaches to Studying Behavior
1.2.1 Examining the Adaptive Basis of Behavior
1.2.2 Inferring the Evolutionary History of Behavior

2 The Integrative Study of Behavior
2.1 The Development of Song Learning
--2.1.1 Intraspecific Variation and Dialects
--2.1.2 Social Experience and Song Development
2.2 Mechanisms of Song Learning
--2.2.1 The Genetics of Song Learning
--2.2.2 The Avian Song Control System
2.3 The Evolution of Song Learning
--2.3.1 An Evolutionary History of Bird Song
--2.3.2 Song Learning: A Comparative Approach
2.4 The Adaptive Value of Song Learning
--2.4.1 Ecological and Social Correlates of Song Learning
--2.4.2 Social Competition and Mate Choice

3 The Developmental and Molecular Bases of Behavior
3.1 Behavior Requires Genes and the Environment
--3.1.1 Behavioral Ontogeny
--3.1.2 Gene Regulation Influences Behavior
3.2 The Evolutionary Development of Behavior
--3.2.1 The Evo-Devo Approach to Understanding Behavior
--3.2.2 Molecular Toolkits and the Development of Behavior
3.3 The Development of Behavioral Variation
--3.3.1 Early Life Developmental Conditions
--3.3.2 Alternative Behavioral Phenotypes

4 The Neural Basis of Behavior
4.1 Responding to Stimuli
--4.1.1 Complex Behavioral Responses to Simple Stimuli
--4.1.2 How Moths Avoid Bats
4.2 Sensory Stimuli and Nervous System Control
--4.2.1 Decision Making in the Brain
--4.2.2 Alternative Sensory Modalities 105
4.3 Translating Sensory Stimuli into Behavior
--4.3.1 Neural Mechanisms of Information Transfer
--4.3.2 Stimulus Filtering

5 The Physiological and Endocrine Bases of Behavior
5.1 Endogenous Rhythms and Changing Behavioral Priorities
--5.1.1 Endogenous versus Exogenous Control of Behavioral Priorities
--5.1.2 Mechanisms of Changing Behavioral Priorities
5.2 Cues that Entrain Cycles of Behavior
--5.2.1 Predictable Environmental Cues
--5.2.2 Unpredictable Environmental Cues
5.3 Hormones and Behavior
--5.3.1 Activational Effects of Hormones
--5.3.2 Hormonal Causes and Consequences of Behavior

6 Avoiding Predators and Finding Food
6.1 Antipredator Behavior
--6.1.1 Blending In
--6.1.2 Standing Out
--6.1.3 Social Defenses
--6.1.4 Optimality Theory and Antipredator Behavior
6.2 Foraging Behavior
--6.2.1 Optimal Foraging Theory
--6.2.2 Landscapes of Fear
--6.2.3 Cognition and Finding Food
--6.2.4 Frequency Dependence and Foraging Behavior

7 Territoriality and Movement
7.1 Where to Live
--7.1.1 Habitat
--7.1.2 Selection
--7.1.3 Territoriality
7.2 To Stay or Go
--7.2.1 Dispersal
--7.2.2 Variation in Migratory Behavior and Connectivity 225

8 Principles of Communication
8.1 Communication and Animal Signals
--8.1.1 A Communication Framework
--8.1.2 Functionally Referent Signals
8.2 The Evolution of Animal Signals
--8.2.1 Preexisting Traits
--8.2.2 Preexisting Biases
--8.2.3 Preexisting Traits versus Preexisting Biases
8.3 The Function of Animal Signals
--8.3.1 Honest Signaling
--8.3.2 Deceitful Signaling
--8.3.3 Eavesdropping on Others

9 Reproductive Behavior
9.1 Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Sex Differences
--9.1.1 Sex Differences in Behavior and Investment
--9.1.2 A Reversal in Sex Differences
9.2 Intrasexual Selection and Competition for Mates
--9.2.1 Competition and Access to Mates
--9.2.2 Conditional Mating Tactics versus Alternative Mating Strategies
--9.2.3 Sperm Competition
--9.2.4 Paternity Assurance
9.3 Intersexual Selection and Mate Choice
--9.3.1 Female Mate Choice: Direct versus Indirect Benefits
--9.3.2 Cryptic Female Choice
--9.3.3 Signal Evolution: Runaway versus Chase-Away Sexual Selection
9.4 Sexual Conflict
--9.4.1 The Manipulation of Female Choice
--9.4.2 Sexual Arms Races

10 Mating Systems
10.1 Monogamy: A Lack of Multiple Mating
--10.1.1 Why Be Monogamous? 10.1.2 Monogamy and Biparental Care
10.2 Polyandry: Multiple Mating by Females
--10.2.1 Female versus Male Control of Mating
--10.2.2 Indirect versus Direct Benefits 327
10.3 Polygyny: Multiple Mating by Males
--10.3.1 Female Defense Polygyny
--10.3.2 Resource Defense Polygyny
--10.3.3 Lek Polygyny
--10.3.4 Scramble Competition Polygyny
10.4 Polygynandry and Promiscuity: Multiple Mating by Both Sexes
--10.4.1 Polygynandry
--10.4.2 Promiscuity

11 Parental Care
11.1 Offspring Value and Parental Investment
--11.1.1 Parental Care Decisions
--11.1.2 Parental Favoritism in Offspring Care and Production
--11.1.3 Family Conflict
11.2 To Care or Not to Care
--11.2.1 Current versus Future Reproduction
--11.2.2 Sexual Conflict and Parental Care
--11.2.2 Maternal versus Paternal Care
11.3 (Non-)Discriminating Parental Care
--11.3.1 Offspring Recognition and Interspecific Brood Parasitism
--11.3.2 Coevolutionary Arms Races
--11.3.3 The Evolution of Brood Parasitism

12 Principles of Social Evolution
12.1 Altruism and Levels of Selection
--12.2.1 Individual versus Group Selection
--12.2.2 Kin Selection
12.2 Kin Selection and Inclusive Fitness Theory
--12.2.1 Haplodiploidy and the Evolution of Eusociality
--12.2.2 Inclusive Fitness and Monogamy
--12.2.3 Sterility and Caste Differentiation
12.3 Social Conflict in Animal Societies
--12.3.1 Reproductive Conflict
--12.3.2 Consequences of Social Conflict

13 Social Behavior and Sociality
13.1 Forms of Social Behavior
--13.1.1 Mutual Benefit
--13.1.2 Altruism and Reciprocity
--13.1.3 Selfishness and Spite
13.2 The Evolution of Cooperative Breeding
--13.2.1 Direct versus Indirect Benefits
--13.2.2 Costs of Breeding Cooperatively
--13.2.3 Individual Differences in Cooperative Behavior
13.3 Reproductive Conflict
--13.3.1 Social Organization and Reproductive Skew
--13.3.2 Reproductive Suppression and Senescence

14 Human Behavior
14.1 Human Speech and Complex Language
--14.1.1 The Development and Evolutionary History of Human Speech
--14.1.2 The Neurophysiology of Human Speech
--14.1.3 The Adaptive Value of Human Speech
14.2 Human Reproductive Behavior
--14.2.1 Mate Choice in Humans
--14.2.2 Social Conflict in Humans