Lars-Göran Öst is Professor and Chair of Clinical Psychology at Stockholm University, Sweden, and Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Bergen, Norway. The pioneer of one-session phobia treatment, he is a regular keynote speaker at major CBT conferences and has lectured at universities worldwide. He is a former editor of the Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Behavioural Psychotherapy, and serves on the editorial boards of many more journals including Behaviour Research and Therapy and the Journal of Anxiety Disorders.

Erik Skaret is Professor Emeritus in Behavioural Sciences in Dentistry. He was Professor in Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway from 2008 to 2012. Previous positions are Acting Director in Dental Fears Research Clinic, University of Washington, Seattle, USA from 1999 to 2000 and Head of Center for Odontophobia, University of Bergen, Norway from 2001 to 2008. Skaret has extensive clinical experience with psychological treatment of dental phobia and anxiety and has published widely in peer-reviewed journals.

List of Contributors vii

Preface ix

Acknowledgements xi

Part I Background, Assessment and Aetiology 1

1 Symptoms, Clinical Characteristics and Consequences 3
Magnus Hakeberg and Jesper Lundgren

2 Background Description and Epidemiology 21
Magne Raadal and Erik Skaret

3 Assessment of Dental Phobia and Anxiety 33
Kristin Haukebø and Margrethe Vika

4 Aetiology of Dental Phobia 45
Tiril Willumsen, Kristin Haukebø and Magne Raadal

5 Intra-Oral Injection Phobia 63
Margrethe Vika and Maren Lillehaug Agdal

6 Dental Anxiety in Children and Adolescents 79
Gunilla Klingberg

Part II Treatments 89

7 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Principles, Procedures and Evidence Base 91
Lars-Göran Öst and David M. Clark

8 Multimodal Cognitive Behavioural Treatment 109
Jesper Lundgren and Ulla Wide Boman

9 One-Session Treatment of Dental Phobia 119
Lars-Göran Öst

10 The Combined Treatment 135
Erik Skaret

11 Dental Treatment under Sedation 153
Magne Raadal

12 Effects of Cognitive Behavioural Treatments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 163
Lars-Göran Öst and Gerd Kvale

Part III Cultural Aspects, Prevention and Future Research 183

13 Different Treatment Approaches in Different Cultures and Health-Care Systems 185
Peter Milgrom, Lisa J. Heaton and J. Timothy Newton

14 Prevention of Dental Phobia 201
Erik Skaret and Magne Raadal

15 Future Research and Applications 221
Lars-Göran Öst and Erik Skaret

Index 231