Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
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Africa and Black Americans |
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3 | (20) |
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``African'' Americans and Africa |
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3 | (13) |
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Ethiopianism: Ancient Egypt + Cush + Ethiopia = the Negro Race |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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Black Scholars in an African Diasporic Framework |
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10 | (2) |
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Black Nationalism and the New Negro Movement |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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Textbook Recognition of African History |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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African-American Artists Encounter Independent Africa |
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16 | (7) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Captives Transported, 1619--ca. 1850 |
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23 | (24) |
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1619 and Two Early Slave-Trade Narratives |
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24 | (7) |
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The Founders of Black America |
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25 | (6) |
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31 | (7) |
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The Scale of the Forced Migration |
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32 | (2) |
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Three Stages of the Journey |
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34 | (4) |
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Artists Represent the Atlantic Slave Trade |
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38 | (9) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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A Diasporic People, 1630--ca. 1850 |
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47 | (22) |
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Religion in the African Diaspora |
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48 | (8) |
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Dimensions of African-American Religion |
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49 | (5) |
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Christian Themes in Black Art |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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Language and Literature in the African Diaspora |
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56 | (2) |
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Ethnic and Racial Identities |
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58 | (5) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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The Black Population Lived Throughout North America |
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65 | (4) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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Those Who Were Free, ca. 1770--1859 |
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69 | (22) |
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American and Haitian Revolutions |
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70 | (6) |
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Black Soldiers in the American Revolution |
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70 | (2) |
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Petitioning for Emancipation and Civil Rights |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (2) |
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Free People in the United States |
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76 | (8) |
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Free Black People at Work |
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78 | (1) |
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Education and Voluntary Associations |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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The Reach of Slavery Lengthens |
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84 | (7) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Those Who Were Enslaved, ca. 1770--1859 |
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91 | (24) |
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The Enslaved Lay the Foundations of the American Economy |
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92 | (4) |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (2) |
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Slavery: A Dehumanizing Institution |
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98 | (5) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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The Value System That Slaves Took from Slavery |
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101 | (1) |
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Family and Religion as Protection Against Dehumanization |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (12) |
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Conspiracies and Insurrections |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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Harriet Tubman, Moses of Her People |
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106 | (5) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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Civil War and Emancipation, 1859--1865 |
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115 | (26) |
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Sectional Tensions Leading to War |
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117 | (1) |
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A War About Union, Not About Slavery |
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118 | (3) |
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Rebuff of Black Volunteers |
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118 | (1) |
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Fugitive Slaves as ``Contraband of War'' |
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119 | (1) |
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Pressure to Enlist Blacks |
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120 | (1) |
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Emancipation and Colonization |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (6) |
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The Emancipation Proclamations |
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122 | (1) |
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Black Regiments in the Union Army |
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123 | (2) |
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Summer 1863: The Turning Point |
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125 | (1) |
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Struggles over Officers and Equal Pay |
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125 | (2) |
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African Americans in the War Effort |
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127 | (3) |
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Two Hundred Thousand Black Soldiers and Sailors |
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127 | (2) |
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Spies, Scouts, Guides, and Nurses |
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129 | (1) |
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Memorializing African Americans in the Civil War |
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130 | (4) |
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134 | (7) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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The Larger Reconstruction, 1864--1896 |
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141 | (20) |
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142 | (9) |
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Reuniting Families and Finding Work |
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142 | (2) |
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Land Ownership: Forty Acres and a Mule |
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144 | (1) |
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Education for Freedpeople |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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Voting and Holding Office |
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148 | (3) |
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The Destruction of Democracy |
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151 | (10) |
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White Supremacist Violence |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Undermining of Black Civil Rights by the Supreme Court |
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153 | (1) |
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African Americans and Indians |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Hard-Working People in the Depths of Segregation, 1896--ca. 1919 |
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161 | (28) |
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Struggle, Survival, and Success |
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163 | (15) |
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163 | (1) |
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Sharecropping, Debt, and Prison |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (4) |
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170 | (1) |
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The Golden Age of Black Business |
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170 | (2) |
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Black Towns and Churches: Havens from Racist Oppression |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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175 | (1) |
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Countering Antiblack Stereotypes |
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175 | (3) |
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White Supremacy: An Attempt to Halt Black Success |
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178 | (11) |
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White Supremacy: Disfranchisement |
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178 | (1) |
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White Supremacy: Segregation |
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179 | (1) |
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Lynching and Antilynching Campaigns |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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The New Negro, 1915--1932 |
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189 | (26) |
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190 | (3) |
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The First World War: Struggle on Two Fronts |
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193 | (13) |
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Black Military Bands Introduce Jazz |
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198 | (1) |
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Antiblack Riots and the Red Summer of 1919 |
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199 | (2) |
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The New Negroes' Initiatives |
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201 | (2) |
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The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) |
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203 | (3) |
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206 | (9) |
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Music of the Harlem Renaissance |
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206 | (2) |
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Literature of the Harlem Renaissance |
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208 | (2) |
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Scholarship of the Harlem Renaissance |
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210 | (1) |
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Art of the Harlem Renaissance |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Radicals and Democrats, 1930--1940 |
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215 | (24) |
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216 | (7) |
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Catastrophic Black Unemployment |
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217 | (1) |
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The New Deal and Political Realignment |
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217 | (2) |
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The Scottsboro Cases and Protests Against Lynching |
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219 | (2) |
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``Don't Buy Where You Can't Work'' Boycotts and Self-Help Campaigns |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (7) |
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New Deal Goals and Programs |
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223 | (1) |
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The Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Black Artists |
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224 | (4) |
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African Americans Confront New Deal Racism |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Black Activism Increases in Depth and Range |
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230 | (9) |
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African Americans Rally to Support Ethiopia |
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230 | (2) |
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Black Heroes of the Depression Years |
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232 | (2) |
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Fighting Racial Oppression in the Courts |
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234 | (1) |
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Campaigns for Civil Rights and Workers' Rights in the South |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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The Second World War and the Promise of Internationalism, 1940--1948 |
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239 | (22) |
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Struggles at Home and Abroad |
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239 | (9) |
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240 | (1) |
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The ``Double Vee'' Strategy and the FEPC |
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240 | (1) |
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Black Men and Women in the Second World War |
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241 | (4) |
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Black Flyers Disprove Stereotypes and Win Medals |
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245 | (1) |
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The Battle for Civil Rights in the South |
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246 | (2) |
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``No Such Thing as the Status Quo'' |
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248 | (13) |
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248 | (2) |
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Broadened Horizons, Increased Opportunities |
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250 | (1) |
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The Promise of the United Nations |
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250 | (2) |
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Post-war Confrontations in the South over Citizenship Rights |
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252 | (1) |
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The Truman Administration and the Progressive Party Embrace Black Civil Rights |
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253 | (1) |
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Migration and Increased Incomes: Long-Term Changes Wrought by War |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Cold War Civil Rights, 1948--1960 |
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261 | (28) |
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Human Rights in a Cold War Context |
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262 | (8) |
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Anti-Communism Eclipses Internationalism |
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262 | (3) |
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Brown v. Board of Education and Cold War Politics |
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265 | (1) |
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Southern ``Massive Resistance'' to Legal Desegregation |
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266 | (2) |
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New Segregation: The Growth of All-White Suburbs |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (8) |
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955--1956 |
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270 | (2) |
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Desegregation of Little Rock, Arkansas, Central High School |
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272 | (1) |
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Unremitting Antiblack Violence Stirs Bitterness and Anger |
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273 | (3) |
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The Nation of Islam Grows |
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276 | (2) |
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African-American Visibility in the Mainstream Culture |
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278 | (11) |
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Black Intellectuals Speak to America and Are Heard |
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278 | (3) |
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The Growing Popularity of African-American Music |
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281 | (4) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
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Protest Makes a Civil Rights Revolution, 1960--1967 |
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289 | (28) |
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The Early 60s: Action Direct and Indirect |
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290 | (13) |
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Student Movements of the Early 1960s |
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290 | (4) |
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The Protests of 1963, the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation |
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294 | (5) |
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Freedom Summer, Mississippi, 1964 |
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299 | (1) |
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Malcolm X's Evolution from the NOI to Pan-Africanism, 1964--1965 |
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300 | (3) |
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Mid-1960s Legislation and Opposition |
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303 | (14) |
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Great Society |
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303 | (2) |
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The Vietnam War Consumes the Great Society's Resources |
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305 | (1) |
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Urban Revolts of the Mid-1960s |
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306 | (2) |
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Background Causes of the Riots |
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308 | (4) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (32) |
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The Emergence of Black Power |
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318 | (6) |
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Black Power as Self-Definition and Self-Defense |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (3) |
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Cultural Nationalism: Emphasis on African Roots |
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324 | (4) |
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328 | (21) |
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Assassination and Aftermath |
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328 | (7) |
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Angry Reaction in Vietnam |
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335 | (3) |
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Black Power Workers, Artists, Feminists, and Intellectuals |
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338 | (5) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (3) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (2) |
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Authenticity and Diversity in the Era of Hip-Hop, 1980--2005 |
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349 | (28) |
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Racial Politics and Economics After Black Power: Increased Diversity |
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350 | (11) |
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Affirmative Action: Controversial and Effective |
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350 | (2) |
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Black Conservatives Gain Prominence |
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352 | (2) |
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Black Democrats: More Numerous, More Influential |
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354 | (2) |
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Black Voters Disfranchised in the 2000 Presidential Election |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
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359 | (1) |
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Afrocentrism Provokes Controversy |
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360 | (1) |
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African Americans Remake American Culture |
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361 | (16) |
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Hip-Hop Culture Presents a New Vision of the Inner City |
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363 | (5) |
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Opportunity in the Military, Opposition to War |
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368 | (3) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (2) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (2) |
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Epilogue: A Snapshot of African Americans in the Early Twenty-First Century |
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377 | (16) |
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378 | (2) |
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Family Structure Influences Class |
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380 | (1) |
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Wealth: A Sound Measure of Financial Well-being |
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380 | (2) |
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African Americans at the Extremes of Wealth and Poverty |
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382 | (2) |
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The Crisis of Drugs and Incarceration |
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384 | (1) |
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The War on Drugs Sends Hundreds of Thousands of African Americans to Prison |
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384 | (3) |
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Poor Health: A Chronic Problem for African Americans |
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387 | (1) |
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Racial and Ethnic Diversity of African Americans |
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388 | (2) |
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African Americans Are People of the City |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
Notes |
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393 | (40) |
Further Reading |
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433 | (5) |
Artists Whose Work Appears in Creating Black Americans |
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438 | (22) |
Picture Credits |
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460 | (4) |
Index |
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464 | |