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Summary
Table of Contents
Why is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me to Learn Statistics? | |
What Will This Chapter Tell Me? | |
What the hell am I doing here? I don't belong here | |
Initial observation: finding something that needs explaining | |
Generating theories and testing them | |
Data collection 1: what to measure | |
Data collection 2: how to measure | |
Analysing data | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
Key Terms That I've Discovered | |
Smart Alex's Stats Quiz | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Statistics (Well, Sort of) | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Building statistical models | |
Populations and samples | |
Simple statistical models | |
Going beyond the data | |
Using statistical models to test research questions | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's Tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
The R Environment | |
What will This Chapter tell Me? | |
Before you start | |
Getting started | |
Using R | |
Getting data into R | |
Entering data with R Commander | |
Using Other Software to Enter and Edit Data | |
Saving Data | |
Manipulating Data | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's Tasks | |
Further reading | |
Exploring Data with Graphs | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
The art of presenting data | |
Packages used in this chapter | |
Introducing ggplot2 | |
Graphing relationships: the scatterplot | |
Histograms: a good way to spot obvious problems | |
Boxplots (box-whisker diagrams) | |
Density plots | |
Graphing means | |
Themes and Options | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Exploring Assumptions | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
What are assumptions? | |
Assumptions of parametric data | |
Packages used in this chapter | |
The assumption of normality | |
Testing whether a distribution is normal | |
Testing for homogeneity of variance | |
Correcting problems in the data | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Correlation | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Looking at relationships | |
How do we measure relationships? | |
Data entry for correlation analysis | |
Bivariate correlation | |
Partial correlation | |
Comparing correlations | |
Calculating the effect size | |
How to report correlation coefficents | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Regression | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
An Introduction to regression | |
Packages Used in this Chapter | |
General procedure for regression in R | |
Interpreting a simple regression | |
Multiple regression: the basics | |
How accurate is my regression model? | |
How to do multiple regression using R Commander and R | |
Testing the accuracy of your regression model | |
Robust regression: bootstrapping | |
How to Report Multiple Regression | |
Categorical predictors and multiple regression | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Logistic Regression | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Background to logistic regression | |
What are the principles behind logistic regression? | |
Assumptions and things that can go wrong | |
Packages Used in this Chapter | |
Binary logistic regression: an example that will make you feel eel | |
How to report logistic regression | |
Testing assumptions: another example | |
Predicting several categories: multinomial logistic regression | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Comparing Two Means | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Packages Used in this Chapter | |
Looking at differences | |
The t-test | |
The independent t-test | |
The dependent t-test | |
Between groups or repeated measures? | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Comparing Several Means: ANOVA (GLM 1) | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
The theory behind ANOVA | |
Assumptions of ANOVA | |
Planned contrasts | |
Post hoc procedures | |
One-way ANOVA using R | |
Calculating the effect size | |
Reporting results from one-way independent ANOVA | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Analysis of Covariance, ANCOVA (GLM 2) | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
What is ANCOVA? | |
Assumptions and issues in ANCOVA | |
ANCOVA using R | |
Robust ANCOVA | |
Calculating the effect size | |
Reporting results | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Factorial ANOVA (GLM 3) | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Theory of factorial ANOVA (between-groups) | |
Factorial ANOVA as regression | |
Two-Way ANOVA: Behind the scenes | |
Factorial ANOVA using R | |
Interpreting interaction graphs | |
Robust factorial ANOVA | |
Calculating effect sizes | |
Reporting the results of two-way ANOVA | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Repeated-Measures Designs (GLM 4) | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Introduction to repeated-measures designs | |
Theory of one-way repeated-measures ANOVA | |
One-way repeated measures designs using R | |
Effect sizes for repeated measures designs | |
Reporting one-way repeated measures designs | |
Factorisal repeated measures designs | |
Effect Sizes for Factorial Repeated Measures designs | |
Reporting the results from factorial repeated measures designs | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Mixed Designs (GLM 5) | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Mixed designs | |
What do men and women look for in a partner? | |
Entering and exploring your data | |
Mixed ANOVA | |
Mixed designs as a GLM | |
Calculating effect sizes | |
Reporting the results of mixed ANOVA | |
Robust analysis for mixed designs | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Non-Parametric Tests | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
When to use non-parametric tests | |
Packages Used in this Chapter | |
Comparing two independent conditions: the Wilcoxon rank-sum test | |
Comparing two related conditions: the Wilcoxon signed-rank test | |
Differences between several independent groups: the Kruskal-Wallis test | |
Differences between several related groups: Friedman's ANOVA | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
When to use MANOVA | |
Introduction: similarities and differences to ANOVA | |
Theory of MANOVA | |
Practical issues when conducting MANOVA | |
MANOVA using R | |
Robust MANOVA | |
Reporting results from MANOVA | |
Following up MANOVA with discriminant analysis | |
Reporting results from discriminant analysis | |
Some final remarks | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Exploratory Factor Analysis | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
When to use factor analysis | |
Factors | |
Research example | |
Running the analysis with R Commander | |
Running the analysis with R | |
Factor scores | |
How to report factor analysis | |
Reliability analysis | |
Reporting reliability analysis | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Categorical Data | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Packages used in this chapter | |
Analysing categorical data | |
Theory of Analysing Categorical Data | |
Assumptions of the chi-square test | |
Doing the chi-square test using R | |
Several categorical variables: loglinear analysis | |
Assumptions in loglinear analysis | |
Loglinear analysis using R | |
Following up loglinear analysis | |
Effect sizes in loglinear analysis | |
Reporting the results of loglinear analysis | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Multilevel Linear Models | |
What will this chapter tell me? | |
Hierarchical data | |
Theory of multilevel linear models | |
The multilevel model | |
Some practical issues | |
Multilevel modelling on R | |
Growth models | |
How to report a multilevel model | |
What have I discovered about statistics? | |
R Packages Used in This Chapter | |
R Functions Used in This Chapter | |
Key terms that I've discovered | |
Smart Alex's tasks | |
Further reading | |
Interesting real research | |
Epilogue: Life After Discovering Statistics | |
Troubleshooting R | |
Glossary | |
Appendix | |
Table of the standard normal distribution | |
Critical Values of the t-Distribution | |
Critical Values of the F-Distribution | |
Critical Values of the chi-square Distribution | |
References | |
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