Dosage Calculations

by Pickar, Gloria; Pickar-Abernethy, Amy

Edition: 9th

ISBN13: 9781111319595

ISBN10: 1111319596

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 2012-01-01

Publisher(s): Cengage Learning

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Summary

Best-selling DOSAGE CALCULATIONS, 9th Edition features a three-step approach to basic and advanced Formula Method calculations, along with a reader-friendly writing style, thorough math review, handy "work text" format, and instructor tools on CD-ROM.

Preface	p. vi
Acknowledgments	p. xi
Introduction to the Learner	p. xii
Using This Book	p. xiii
Pretest and Mathematics Review	p. 1
Essential Skills Evaluation: Pretest	p. 3
Essential Skills Evaluation: Pretest Answer Sheet	p. 21
Mathematics Diagnostic Evaluation	p. 28
Fractions and Decimals	p. 31
Fractions	p. 31
Types of Fractions	p. 32
Equivalent Fractions	p. 33
Conversion	p. 34
Comparing Fractions	p. 35
Addition and Subtraction of Fractions	p. 38
Multiplication of Fractions	p. 41
Division of Fractions	p. 43
Decimals	p. 47
Decimal Fractions and Decimal Numbers	p. 47
Comparing Decimals	p. 50
Conversion between Fractions and Decimals	p. 51
Addition and Subtraction of Decimals	p. 54
Multiplying Decimals	p. 56
Dividing Decimals	p. 57
Rounding Decimals	p. 58
Ratios, Percents, Simple Equations, and Ratio-Proportion	p. 63
Ratios and Percents	p. 64
Ratios	p. 64
Percents	p. 64
Converting Among Ratios, Percents, Fractions, and Decimals	p. 64
Comparing Percents and Ratios	p. 66
Solving Simple Equations for X	p. 68
Ratio-Proportion: Cross-Multiplying to Solve for X	p. 72
Finding the Percentage of a Quantity	p. 76
Self-Evaluation	p. 80
Measurement Systems, Drug Orders, and Drug Labels	p. 83
Systems of Measurement	p. 85
Metric System	p. 85
Apothecary and Household Systems	p. 89
Other Common Drug Measurements: Units and Milliequivalents	p. 91
Conversions: Metric and Household Systems	p. 97
Identifying Need for Unit Conversion	p. 98
Converting from One Unit to Another Using the Conversion Factor Method	p. 99
Converting within the Metric System	p. 100
Approximate Equivalents	p. 105
Converting Between Systems of Measurement Using the Conversion Factor Method	p. 105
Conversions for Other Clinical Applications: Time and Temperature	p. 113
Converting Between Traditional and International Time	p. 113
Converting Between Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature	p. 116
Equipment Used in Dosage Measurement	p. 123
Oral Administration	p. 123
Medicine Cup	p. 123
Calibrated Dropper	p. 124
Pediatric Oral Devices	p. 125
Parenteral Administration	p. 125
3 mL Syringe	p. 125
Prefilled Single-Dose Syringe	p. 126
Insulin Syringe	p. 127
1 mL Syringe	p. 128
Safety Syringe	p. 128
Intravenous Syringe	p. 129
Needleless Syringe	p. 130
Interpreting Drug Orders	p. 141
Medical Abbreviations	p. 142
The Drug Order	p. 143
Medication Order and Administration Forms	p. 146
Computerized Medication Administration Systems	p. 148
Understanding Drug Labels	p. 157
Brand and Generic Names	p. 158
Dosage Strength	p. 158
Form	p. 159
Supply Dosage	p. 160
Total Volume	p. 160
Administration Route	p. 161
Directions for Mixing or Reconstituting	p. 161
Label Alerts	p. 162
Name of the Manufacturer	p. 162
Expiration Date	p. 163
Lot or Control Numbers	p. 163
National Drug Code (NDC)	p. 163
Controlled Substance Schedule	p. 164
Barcode Symbols	p. 164
United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and National Formulary (NF)	p. 164
Unit- or Single-Dose Labels	p. 164
Combination Drugs	p. 165
Supply Dosage Expressed as a Ratio or Percent	p. 165
Checking Labels	p. 166
Preventing Medication Errors	p. 177
Prescription	p. 178
Verbal Orders	p. 180
Transcription	p. 180
Safe Medication Administration	p. 185
Right Patient	p. 185
Right Drug	p. 185
Right Amount	p. 188
Right Route	p. 190
Right Time	p. 191
Right Documentation	p. 191
The Nurse's Critical Role in Medication Error Prevention	p. 191
Self-Evaluation	p. 199
Drug Dosage Calculations	p. 205
Oral Dosage of Drugs	p. 207
Tablets and Capsules	p. 210
Three-Step Approach to Dosage Calculations	p. 213
Oral Liquids	p. 227
Parenteral Dosage of Drugs	p. 255
Injectable Solutions	p. 256
High-Alert Parenteral Medications	p. 276
Heparin	p. 277
Insulin	p. 281
Insulin Labels	p. 281
Insulin Action Times	p. 282
Premixed, Combination Insulin	p. 284
Interpreting the Insulin Order	p. 285
Insulin Administration	p. 285
Measuring Insulin in an Insulin Syringe	p. 286
Combination Insulin Dosage	p. 290
Insulin Coverage-The "Sliding Scale"	p. 294
Prefilled U-100 Insulin Pens	p. 295
U-500 Insulin	p. 298
Avoiding Insulin Dosage Errors	p. 302
Reconstitution of Solutions	p. 321
Solution Properties	p. 322
Reconstitution of Injectable Medications in Powder Form	p. 323
Types of Reconstituted Parenteral Solutions	p. 325
Single-Strength Solution	p. 326
Multiple-Strength Solution	p. 328
Reconstituted Parenteral Solutions with Various Routes	p. 332
Drugs with Injection Reconstitution Instructions for Either IM or IV	p. 332
Drugs with Different IM and IV Reconstitution Instructions	p. 334
Drugs with Instructions to "See Package Insert" for Dilution and Administration	p. 337
Reconstitution of Noninjectable Solutions	p. 351
Solution Concentration	p. 351
Calculating Solutions	p. 352
Topical Solutions and Irrigants	p. 352
Oral and Enteral Feedings	p. 354
Diluting Ready-to-Use Nutritional Liquids	p. 354
Pediatric and Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight	p. 367
Administering Medications to Children	p. 368
Converting Pounds to Kilograms	p. 368
Body Weight Method for Calculating Safe Pediatric Dosage	p. 369
Single-Dosage Drugs	p. 370
Single-Dosage-Range Drugs	p. 371
Routine or Round-the-Clock Drugs	p. 372
Daily-Dosage-Range Drugs	p. 373
Daily-Dosage-Range Drugs with Maximum Daily Allowance	p. 374
Underdosage	p. 375
Combination Drugs	p. 376
Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight	p. 378
Alternative Dosage Calculation Methods: Ratio-Proportion and Dimensional Analysis	p. 399
Converting Using the Ratio-Proportion Method	p. 400
Using Ratio-Proportion to Calculate Dosages	p. 402
Using Dimensional Analysis to Calculate Dosages	p. 406
Self-Evaluation	p. 423
Advanced Calculations	p. 437
Intravenous Solutions, Equipment, and Calculations	p. 439
IV Solutions	p. 440
Solutions Components	p. 440
Solution Strength	p. 440
Solution Additives	p. 443
Calculating Components of IV Solutions When Expressed as a Percent	p. 446
IV Sites	p. 447
Monitoring IVs	p. 448
Primary and Secondary IVs	p. 448
Blood Administration Tubing	p. 450
IV Flow Rate	p. 450
Electronically-Regulated IVs	p. 450
Calculating Flow Rates for Infusion Pumps in mL/h	p. 456
Manually-Regulated IVs	p. 458
Calculating Flow Rates for Manually-Regulated IVs in gtt/min	p. 461
Formula Method	p. 461
Shortcut Method	p. 464
Adjusting IV Flow Rate	p. 468
Intermittent IV Infusions	p. 474
IV Piggybacks	p. 474
Saline and Heparin IV Locks for IV Push Drugs	p. 475
ADD-Vantage System	p. 477
Calculating IV Infusion Time and Volume	p. 480
Body Surface Area and Advanced Pediatric Calculations	p. 489
Body Surface Area Method	p. 490
BSA Formula	p. 490
BSA Nomogram	p. 491
BSA Dosage Calculations	p. 494
Pediatric Volume Control Sets	p. 497
Intermittent IV Medication Infusion via Volume Control Set	p. 498
Minimal Dilutions for IV Medications	p. 501
Calculation of Daily Volume for Maintenance Fluids	p. 503
Advanced Adult Intravenous Calculations	p. 513
Calculating IV Dosages and Flow Rates Using Clinical Protocols	p. 514
IV Heparin Protocol	p. 515
IV Insulin Protocol	p. 523
Insulin Overdose	p. 527
Critical Care IV Calculations: Calculating Flow Rate of an IV Medication to Be Given over a Specified Time Period	p. 530
IV Medication Ordered per Minute	p. 530
IV Medication Ordered per Kilogram per Minute	p. 532
Titrating IV Drugs	p. 532
Verifying Safe IV Medication Dosage Recommended per Minute	p. 534
Limiting Infusion Volumes	p. 538
Self-Evaluation	p. 549
Essential Skills Evaluation: Posttest Answer Sheet	p. 557
Comprehensive Skills Evaluation	p. 565
Answers	p. 581
Essential Skills Evaluation	p. 581
Mathematics Diagnostic Evaluation	p. 587
Chapter 1	p. 588
Chapter 2	p. 591
Chapter 3	p. 594
Chapter 4	p. 595
Chapter 5	p. 597
Chapter 6	p. 597
Chapter 7	p. 601
Chapter 8	p. 602
Chapter 9	p. 603
Chapter 10	p. 605
Chapter 11	p. 612
Chapter 12	p. 625
Chapter 13	p. 633
Chapter 14	p. 639
Chapter 15	p. 647
Chapter 16	p. 655
Chapter 17	p. 660
Comprehensive Skills Evaluation	p. 670
Study Guide	p. 677
Apothecary System	p. 687
Index	p. 689
Drug Label Index	p. 697
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Dosage Calculations

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Table of Contents