Environmental Crime : Enforcement, Policy and Social Responsibility,9780834210097

Environmental Crime : Enforcement, Policy and Social Responsibility

by
ISBN13: 9780834210097
ISBN10: 0834210096
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1998-01-01
Publisher(s): Jones & Bartlett
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Summary

Environmental Crime Examines laws and legal strategies designed to protect environmental quality; explores varieties of environmental crimes and associated problems of control.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors xv(2)
Preface xvii(5)
Acknowledgments xxii
PART I AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME 1(112)
Chapter 1 Defining "Environmental Crime"
5(26)
Mary Clifford
Terry D. Edwards
Environmental Crime, Criminology, and White-Collar Crime
6(6)
On Developing a Theory of Environmental Crime
12(1)
Insight-Love Canal
13(2)
Environmental Crime As a Philosophical Concept
15(1)
Insight-Bug Smuggling: An Environmental Crime?
16(5)
Environmental Crime As a Legal Concept
21(1)
Can a Definition of Environmental Crime Be Achieved?
21(1)
Insight-Can Corporations Be Environmental Criminals?
22(3)
Conclusion
25(2)
Review Questions
27(1)
Discussion Questions
27(4)
Chapter 2 A History of the U.S. Environmental Movement
31(26)
Sally M. Edwards
Early Environmental Actions
32(5)
Teddy Roosevelt and the Progressive Conservation Movement
37(1)
Insight-Out National Parks
38(3)
The Apex of the Conservation Movement
41(1)
The Postwar Era: The Rise of the Modern Environmental Movement
42(3)
Insight-Greenpeace International Strikes Again
45(1)
Fissures in the Environmental Movement: 1970s and 1980s
46(1)
The Modern Environmental Movement
46(4)
The Future of the Environmental Movement in the United States
50(1)
Insight-Direct Action Can Be Deadly
51(1)
Review Questions
52(1)
Discussion Questions
52(5)
Chapter 3 Economics, Politics, and Environmental Protection
57(20)
Mary Clifford
The Production Process
58(2)
Economics
60(1)
Insight-Can Computers Be Environmentally Friendly?
61(2)
Politics
63(1)
Insight-Should Plastics Be Banned?
64(5)
The Relationship between Economics, Politics, and the Environment
69(3)
Review Questions
72(1)
Discussion Questions
72(5)
Chapter 4 A Social Understanding of the Natural Sciences
77(18)
Gary Walker
The Earth As a Living System
77(3)
Insight-Rare Plant Conservation: "Why Are We Worrying about It?"
80(2)
Insight-Invasive Exotics: The Invasion of the Alien Plant Species
82(3)
The Scientific Method
85(2)
The Limitations of Scientific Expertise
87(1)
Can the Public Access Expert Studies?
88(1)
Insight-Krakatau: Island or Volcanic Remains?
89(3)
Conclusion
92(1)
Review Questions
93(1)
Discussion Questions
93(2)
Chapter 5 A Review of Federal Environmental Legislation
95(16)
Mary Clifford
Procedural Laws and Agency Directives
96(3)
Environmental Protection and the Natural Environment
99(6)
Constitutional Limitations, Common Law Doctrines, and Common Law Remedies
105(1)
Criminal Provisions in Environmental Statutes
106(1)
Review Questions
107(1)
Discussion Questions
107(4)
Part I Conclusion
111(2)
PART II ENFORCING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LEGISLATION: AN INTERAGENCY APPROACH 113(140)
Chapter 6 The Federal Environmental Regulatory Structure
115(30)
Bill Hyatt
An Introduction to the Regulatory Function
116(1)
A History of the Environmental Protection Agency
117(11)
Enforcement Options for Environmental Violations
128(6)
Procedural Issues for Federal Environmental Enforcement
134(1)
Insight-Poaching the Black Rhino in Africa May Be Deadly-for the Poachers
135(3)
Conclusion
138(1)
Review Questions
139(1)
Discussion Questions
139(4)
Appendix 6-A EPA Regional Offices
143(2)
Chapter 7 State and Local Environmental Enforcement
145(24)
Joel Epstein
The Legal Context of Environmental Enforcement
146(1)
Genesis of the Law Enforcement Response
147(1)
Overview of the Law
147(4)
Insight-Citizens in Cairo Asked To "Hush up-or Else"
151(3)
Types of Environmental Crime
154(2)
Insight-Unscrupulous Waste Haulers Keep on Truckin'
156(3)
Insight-Tire Fires: A Cause of Concern for All
159(1)
Organization of the Law Enforcement Response
160(1)
Situating the Environmental Crimes Response
161(4)
Conclusion
165(1)
Review Questions
166(1)
Discussion Questions
166(3)
Chapter 8 Policing the Environment
169(36)
Tim Carter
Proactive versus Reactive Enforcement Strategies
170(2)
Identifying Environmental Criminals
172(5)
Detecting Environmental Crime
177(7)
Insight-Police Are Vulnerable As First Responders
184(2)
Investigating Environmental Crime
186(6)
Training and Agency Resources
192(1)
Insight-A Minnesota Sting: But Who Got Burned?
193(4)
Conclusion
197(1)
Review Questions
197(1)
Discussion Questions
198(7)
Chapter 9 Environmental Crime Prosecution at the Country Level
205(24)
Donald J. Rebovich
The Study
206(2)
Creating a Presence: Goals and Objectives of County Task Forces
208(1)
Task Force Structure and Administration
209(1)
Insight-If You Take Direct Action, You May Get SLAPPed.
210(2)
The Importance of Vertical and Horizontal Communication
212(2)
Prosecutorial Decision Making
214(3)
Trial Issues: Judge and Jury Concerns
217(2)
Presenting Evidence
219(1)
The Role of Expertise
220(1)
Insight-Princess Cruises into Ocean Dumping Charge
221(1)
Playing the Remediation Card
222(1)
Training and Technical Assistance
223(2)
Conclusion
225(1)
Review Questions
225(1)
Discussion Questions
226(3)
Chapter 10 Sentencing the Environmental Criminal
229(22)
Mark A. Cohen
The Role of Criminal Sanctions
230(2)
Can Environmental Violations Be Overcriminalized?
232(1)
Insight-Juvenile Treatment Goes Green
233(1)
Criminal Provisions for Environmental Offenses
234(1)
Sanctions for Environmental Criminals
235(3)
Insight-Panda Pelts Can Bring Prison Time
238(4)
Insight-The Kepone Disaster
242(1)
Is the United States Overcriminalizing Environmental Violations?
243(2)
What Is Wrong with Overcriminalizing Environmental Violations?
245(1)
Review Questions
246(1)
Discussion Questions
246(5)
Part II Conclusion
251(2)
PART III IDENTIFYING ESSENTIAL CONNECTIONS 253(104)
Chapter 11 Five Types of Environmental Criminals
255(26)
Mark Seis
Federal Environmental Offenders
255(3)
Insight-Reproductive Problems Linked to Chemical Exposure?
258(1)
The Problem of Prosecuting Federal Agencies
259(1)
State Government Environmental Offenders
260(2)
Prosecution of State Government Environmental Offenders
262(1)
Municipal Government Environmental Offenders
263(1)
Insight-The Village of Wilsonville et al. v. SCA Services, Inc.
264(2)
Prosecution of Municipal Government Environmental Offenders
266(2)
Corporate and Individual Environmental Offenders
268(1)
Insight-East Liverpool Incinerator: A Burning Issue Still Unresolved
269(4)
Prosecution of Corporate and Individual Offenders
273(1)
Conclusion
274(1)
Review Questions
274(1)
Discussion Questions
275(6)
Chapter 12 Environmental Ethics, Criminal Law, and Environmental Crime
281(18)
Nanci Koser Wilson
Model 1: Endowing Nonhumans with Humanlike Rights
283(1)
Insight-Natural Toxins
284(2)
Model 2: Endowing Humans with the Right to a Healthy Environment
286(2)
Model 3: The Land Ethic or the Ecological Model
288(4)
General Problems with the Three Models
292(1)
Insight-Modern Science Meets Native Tradition
293(1)
Conclusion
294(1)
Review Questions
295(1)
Discussion Questions
295(4)
Chapter 13 Mystification of Environmental Images: Identifying Environmental Crime
299(16)
Dion Dennis
Introduction
301(1)
The Mystification of Environmental Language
302(4)
Insight-Thoreau's Message Still Speaks to the Masses
306(2)
Enabling Ideologies and Practices
308(1)
Insight-Theology and Ideology: Where Less Is Actually More
309(3)
Conclusion
312(1)
Review Questions
312(1)
Discussion Questions
313(2)
Chapter 14 International Environmental Issues
315(26)
Ray Michalowski
International Environmental Problems
315(4)
Insight-A War on the Environment? American Troops in the Gulf War
319(1)
International Environmental Problems and Social Movements
320(1)
International Movements To Protect the Global Environment
321(4)
Legal Strategies for Global Environmental Protection
325(1)
Insight-U.S. Nuclear Era: A Legacy of Secrets and Conspiracy
326(9)
Development and Trade versus Environmental Protection
335(2)
Insight-Deadly Birth Defects on the Texas-Mexico Border Raise Concerns about Pollution
337(1)
Conclusion
338(1)
Review Questions
339(1)
Discussion Questions
339(2)
Chapter 15 Environmental Crime Research: Where We Have Been, Where We Should Go
341(14)
Donald J. Rebovich
Environmental Crime Research: What Has Been Accomplished?
342(4)
Environmental Crime Research: Needs for the Future
346(3)
Some Key Obstacles To Overcome
349(1)
Conclusion
350(2)
Review Questions
352(1)
Discussion Questions
352(3)
Part III Conclusion
355(2)
PART IV CASE STUDIES 357(90)
Case Study 1-Community Opposition to Hazardous Waste Incineration: The Case of ENSCO
359(18)
Mary Clifford
Introduction to the Issues
359(3)
Fueling the Incineration Argument
362(1)
History of the ENSCO Case in Arizona
362(1)
Community Groups Involved in the Conflict
363(3)
Citizen Questions about the Hazardous Waste Facility
366(4)
Critical Junctures in the Conflict
370(2)
Resolution of the Arizona Controversy
372(1)
Conclusion
372(1)
Review Questions
373(1)
Discussion Questions
373(4)
Case Study 2-Hazardous Waste Regulation: Legacies of the Past and Projections for the Future
377(20)
Harold Barnett
Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States: A Brief History
377(3)
Who Pays for the Superfund?
380(3)
Who Pays for Cleanup?
383(5)
Who Are the Violators?
388(1)
Why Is There No Victim Compensation?
389(1)
State Efforts To Address Cleanup Issues
390(1)
Hazardous Waste Site Issues
391(2)
Resolution of Superfund Issues
393(1)
The Future of Superfund
394(3)
Case Study 3-Rocky Flats: A Plea Bargain in Public View
397(16)
Brian Lipsett
Background
397(1)
The Raid
398(1)
The Settlement
399(1)
The Settlement Turns Sour
400(2)
The Investigation of the Prosecution of Rockwell
402(1)
The Culture of the Department of Energy
403(2)
The Plea Bargain
405(2)
The Citizen Grand Jury
407(3)
Postscript
410(1)
Review Questions
410(1)
Discussion Questions
410(3)
Case Study 4-Controversy amid Controversy: Reauthorizing the Endangered Species Act
413(18)
Mary Clifford
A Brief History of the Endangered Species Act
414(2)
Mixed Reviews for the ESA
416(6)
Economic Conflict Results in Political Firestorm
422(2)
The Future of Endangered Species Protection Efforts
424(2)
Review Questions
426(1)
Discussion Questions
426(5)
Case Study 5 Environmental Crimes at the U.S.-Mexico Border
431(16)
Mark J.Spalding
Richard G.Opper
The Environmental Context of the Border
431(4)
U.S.Laws: Impact on Border Environmental Crime
435(2)
RCRA Crimes and Examples of Criminal Charges
437(2)
Binational Cooperation
439(4)
The Future of Environmental Crimes along the U.S.-Mexico Border
443(3)
Review Questions
446(1)
Discussion Questions
446(1)
Comments in Closing 447(4)
Mary Clifford
Appendix A-Glossary 451(20)
Appendix B-Important Environmental Activities 471(4)
Appendix C-Criminal Sanctions Outlined in Federal Environmental Legislation 475(6)
Appendix D-Environmental Legal Cases 481(8)
Appendix E-Environmental Crimes Investigations for Law Enforcement Officers 489(16)
Index 505(28)
About the Contributors 533

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