Preface

PART 1: Reading and Understanding Arguments

1. Understanding Arguments and Reading Them Critically

Everything Is an Argument

Reading Arguments Rhetorically and Critically

Listening to Arguments Rhetorically and Respectfully

Why We Make Arguments

Occasions for Argument

Kinds of Argument

Appealing to Audiences
CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Considering What’s "Normal"

2. Arguments Based on Emotion: Pathos

Reading Critically for Pathos

Using Emotions to Build Bridges

Using Emotions to Sustain an Argument

Using Humor

Using Arguments Based on Emotion

3. Arguments Based on Character: Ethos

Thinking Critically about Arguments Based on Character

Establishing Trustworthiness and Credibility

Claiming Authority

Examining Motives and Assumptions

CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Ethos

4. Arguments Based on Facts and Reason: Logos

Dealing with Fake News and Deep Fakes

Thinking Critically about Facts and Reason

Providing Logical Structures for Argument

CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Logos

5. Fallacies of Argument

Fallacies of Emotional Argument

Fallacies of Ethical Argument

Fallacies of Logical Argument

6. Argument Meets AI

Just Exactly What is Generative Artificial Intelligence?

What Can Generative Artificial Intelligence Do?

Prompting Artificial Intelligence

What Can’t Generative Artificial Intelligence Do?

Ethics and Artificial Intelligence

So What’s New about Artificial Intelligence and Argument?

Artificial Intelligence, Argument, and Multimodality

7. Rhetorical Analysis

Composing a Rhetorical Analysis: Reading and Viewing Critically

Understanding the Purpose of Arguments You Are Analyzing

Understanding Who Makes an Argument

Identifying and Appealing to Audiences

Examining Arguments Based on Emotion: Pathos

Examining Arguments Based on Character: Ethos

Examining Arguments Based on Facts and Reason: Logos

Examining the Arrangement and Media of Arguments

Looking at Style

Examining a Rhetorical Analysis

Kevin Garcia, Can You Lose a Language You Never Knew?

Marielys Diaz, The Loss of a Language Kevin Garcia Never Knew: A Rhetorical Analysis

Examining an AI Rhetorical Analysis

GUIDE TO WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS

PART 2: Writing Arguments

8. Structuring Arguments

The Classical Oration

Rogerian Argument

A Sample Rogerian Argument

Jeannie Suk Gersen, What if Trigger Warnings Don’t Work?

Invitational Argument

Toulmin Argument

A Toulmin Analysis

Stephen L. Carter, Offensive Speech Is Free Speech. If Only We’d Listen.

CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Organization

9. Arguments of Fact

Understanding Arguments of Fact

Characterizing Factual Arguments

Developing a Factual Argument

GUIDE TO WRITING AN ARGUMENT OF FACT

Two Sample Factual Arguments

Ahlan Filstrup, The Negative Influence of Social Media Advertisements on Children’s Nutritional Habits (student essay)

Chris Stokel-Walker, Do Phone Bans Help Students Perform Better in School?

10. Arguments of Definition

Understanding Arguments of Definition

Kinds of Definition

Developing a Definitional Argument

GUIDE TO WRITING AN ARGUMENT OF DEFINITION

Two Sample Definitional Arguments

Natasha Rodriguez, Who Are You Calling Underprivileged? (student essay)

Evgeny Morozov, The Problem with Artificial Intelligence? It’s Neither Artificial Nor Intelligent

11. Evaluations

Understanding Evaluations

Criteria of Evaluation

Characterizing Evaluation

Developing an Evaluative Argument

GUIDE TO WRITING AN EVALUATION

Two Sample Evaluations

Jenny Kim, The Toxicity in Learning (student essay)

Kyle Smith, Barbie Review: Beyond Her Ken

12. Causal Arguments

Understanding Causal Arguments

Characterizing Causal Arguments

Developing Causal Arguments

GUIDE TO WRITING A CAUSAL ARGUMENT

Two Sample Causal Arguments

Laura Tarrant, Forever Alone (and Perfectly Fine) (student essay)

Lauren A. Wright, How Liberal College Campuses Benefit Conservative Students

13. Proposals

Understanding and Categorizing Proposals

Characterizing Proposals

Developing Proposals

GUIDE TO WRITING A PROPOSAL

Two Sample Proposals

Caleb Wong, Addiction to Social Media: How to Overcome It (student essay)

Melissa Nicolas, Eliminate the Required First-Year Writing Course

PART 3: Style and Presentation in Arguments

14. Style in Arguments

Narrative and Argument

Word Choice and Argument

CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Pronouns

Sentence Structure and Argument

CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: “Standard,” “Formal,” and Other Conventions

Punctuation and Argument

Style and Artificial Intelligence

Special Effects: Figurative Language

15. Visual Rhetoric

The Power of Visual Arguments

Using Visuals in Your Own Arguments

Remember to Check for Copyrighted Material

16. Multimodal Arguments

Class and Public Discussions

Oral-based Presentations

Assess the Rhetorical Situation

Deliver a Good Show

Poster Sessions

Podcasts

Text- and Image-based Presentations

Social Media and Arguments

Blogs and Newsletters

Comics

PART 4: Research and Arguments

17. Academic Arguments

Understanding What Academic Argument Is

Conventions in Academic Argument Are Not Static

CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Considering English(es)

Developing an Academic Argument

Two Sample Academic Arguments

Charlotte Geaghan-Breiner, Where the Wild Things Should Be: Healing 

Sidra Montgomery, The Emotion Work of “Thank You for Your Service”

18. Finding Evidence

Considering the Rhetorical Situation

CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: The Rhetorical Situation

Searching Effectively

SEARCHING ONLINE OR IN DATABASES

Collecting Data on Your Own

Draw Upon Narratives as Evidence

19. Evaluating Sources

Identifying Bias

Assessing Sources

Practicing Crap Detection

CASE STUDY: Lateral Reading

Assessing Field Research

20. Using Sources

Information Overload

Building a Critical Mass

Synthesizing Information

21. Maintaining Academic Integrity and Crediting Sources

CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT: Intellectual Property and Remix Culture

Crediting Sources

WHAT COPYRIGHT DOESN’T PROTECT

Getting Permission for and Using Copyrighted Internet Sources

Acknowledging Your Sources Accurately and Appropriately

Crediting Collaborators

22. Documenting Sources

MLA Style

APA Style

Glossary

Index