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Experience Human Development 12eallows you to: Experience a program that connects students to the real world. Our Milestones video program allows students to witness real life as it unfolds via a customizeable, assignable and assessible platform. Additionally, our new Research in Action feature highlights interesting and timely topics. Experience the diversity of the human experience.The 12th edition of this classic best-seller retains the extensive and integrated cross-cultural and multicultural coverage as previous editions. Experience a program that helps students navigate the vast amount of material in the course.Now with Connect Lifespan, Papalia 12e allows students to connect with real life and the real world. Connect Psychology with LearnSmart, our adaptive learning system, is designed to help students learn faster, study more efficiently, and retain more knowledge for greater success. And, it allows faculty to spend more time teaching and less time grading.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 The Study of Human Development Human Development: An Ever-Evolving Field Studying the Life Span Human Development Today The Study of Human Development: Basic Concepts Domains of Development Periods of the Life Span Influences on Development Heredity, Environment, and Maturation Contexts of Development Normative and Nonnormative Influences Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive PeriodsPaul B. Baltes's Life-Span Developmental Approach CHAPTER 2 Theory and Research Basic Theoretical Issues Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Theoretical Perspectives Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective 2: Learning Perspective 3: Cognitive Perspective 4: Contextual Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological A Shifting Balance Research Methods Sampling Forms of Data Collection Basic Research DesignsDevelopmental Research Designs CHAPTER 3 Forming a New Life Conceiving New Life How Fertilization Takes Place What Causes Multiple Births? Mechanisms of Heredity The Genetic CodeWhat Determines Sex? Patterns of Genetic Transmission Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities Genetic Counseling and Testing Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity and Environment Studying Heredity and Environment How Heredity and Environment Work Together Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment Prenatal Development Stages of Prenatal Development Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development Disparities in Prenatal Care The Need for Preconception Care CHAPTER 4 Birth and Physical Development during the First Three Years Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed The Birth Process Stages of Childbirth Electronic Fetal Monitoring Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery The Newborn Baby Size and Appearance Body Systems Medical and Behavioral Assessment States of Arousal Complications of Childbirth Low Birth Weight Postmaturity Stillbirth Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications? Survival and Health Death during Infancy Immunization for Better Health Early Physical Development Principles of Development Patterns of Growth Nutrition The Brain and Reflex Behavior Early Sensory Capacities Motor Development Milestones of Motor Development Motor Development and Perception Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological Theory How Motor Development Occurs: Thelan’s Dynamic Systems Theory Cultural Influences on Motor Development CHAPTER 5 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches Behaviorist Approach: Basic Mechanics of Learning Classical and Operant Conditioning Infant Memory Psychometric Approach: Developmental and Intelligence Testing Testing Infants and Toddlers Assessing the Impact of the Early Home Environment Early Intervention Piagetian Approach: The Sensorimotor Stage Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought? Development of Knowledge about Objects and Space Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage Information-Processing Approach: Perceptions and Representations Habituation Visual and Auditory Processing Abilities Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities Cognitive Neuroscience Approach: The Brain's Cognitive Structures Memory Systems Understanding of Number Social-Contextual Approach: Learning Form Interactions with Caregivers Language Development Sequence of Early Language Development Characteristics of Early Speech Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate Influences on Early Language Development Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud CHAPTER 6 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years Foundations of Psychosocial Development Emotions Temperament Earliest Social Experiences: The Infant in the Family Gender: How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls? Developmental Issues in Infancy Developing Trust Developing Attachments Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Mutual Regulation Social Referencing Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood The Emerging Sense of Self Development of Autonomy The Roots of Moral Development: Socialisation and Internalisation Contact with Other Children Siblings Sociability with Nonsiblings Children of Working Parents Effects of Maternal Employment Early Child Care Maltreatment: Child Abuse and Neglect Maltreatment: Facts and Figures Contributing Factors: An Ecological View Helping Families in Trouble Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment CHAPTER 7 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Aspects of Physical Development Bodily Growth and Change Sleep Patterns and Problems Brain Development Motor Skills Health and Safety Preventing Obesity Undernutrition Deaths and Accidental Injuries Health in Context: Environmental Influences COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Piagetian Approach: the Preoperational Child Advances of Preoperational Thought Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind? Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development Basic Processes and Capacities Recognition and Recall Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches Traditional Psychometric Measures Influences on Measured Intelligence Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky's Theory Language Development Vocabulary Grammar and Syntax Pragmatics and Social Speech Private Speech Delayed Language Development Preparation for Literacy Early Childhood Education Goals and Types of Preschools Compensatory Preschool Programs The Child in Kindergarten CHAPTER 8 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood The Developing Self The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development Self-Esteem Understanding and Regulating Emotions Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt Gender Gender Differences Perspectives on Gender Development Play: The Business of Early Childhood Cognitive Levels of Play The Social Dimension of Play How Gender Influences Play How Culture Influences Play Parenting Forms of Discipline Parenting Styles Special Behavioral Concerns Relationships with Other Children Sibling Relationships The Only Child Playmates and Friends CHAPTER 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Aspects of Physical Development Height and Weight Nutrition and Sleep Brain Development Motor Development and Physical Play Health, Fitness, and Safety Obesity and Body Image Other Medical Conditions Accidental Injuries COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Piagetian Approach: The Concrete Operational Child Cognitive Advances Influences of Neurological Development, Culture, and Schooling Moral Reasoning Information-Processing Approach: Planning, Attention, and Memory How Do Executive Skills Develop? Selective Attention Working Memory Span Metamemory: Understanding Memory Mnemonics: Strategies for Remembering Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks Psychometric Approach: Assessment of Intelligence The IQ Controversy Influences on Intelligence Is There More Than One Intelligence? Other Directions in Intelligence Testing Language Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication Second-Language Learning The Child In School Entering First Grade Becoming Literate Influences on School Achievement Educating Children with Special Needs Children with Learning Problems Gifted Children CHAPTER 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle ChildhoodThe Developing Self Self-Concept Development: Representational Systems Self-Esteem Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior The Child in the Family Family Atmosphere Family Structure Sibling Relationships The Child in the Peer Group Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations Popularity Friendship Aggression and Bullying