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Here is a clear, systematic introduction to the fundamentals of linguistic phonetics with a total learning package designed to help students become proficient in phonetics and phonetic transcription. Fundamentals of Phonetics by Larry Small provides speech and hearing students with a good understanding of phonetics principles through practice. The text uses in-text exercises and supplemental audio recordings to teach the practical skills necessary to successfully perform phonetic transcription of individuals using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Students learn about the transcription of consonants and vowels, connected speech, and individuals with speech sound disorders. A chapter on speech acoustics introduces spectrograms and the acoustic characteristics of speech sounds. Students also learn how to transcribe individuals who display regional and ethnic dialectal variation of speech, including those who have learned to speak English as a second language. Throughout the text are included chapter objectives, learning exercises, in-class and take-home assignments, online resources, and study questions that will help students learn, process, and practice the material presented in the text.
Larry H. Small received both a B.S. in Speech Pathology and Audiology (1977), and an M.A. in Audiology (1977) from Kent State University. He received his Ph.D. in Speech and Hearing Science from Ohio University in 1984. He worked as a clinical audiologist at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha from 1978 – 1980. Dr. Small joined the faculty of Bowling Green State University (BGSU) in 1984, and remained on the faculty for twenty-four years, prior to his retirement in 2008 when he was named Associate Professor Emeritus. While at BGSU, he served as the Director of the University Honors Program (1991 – 1996). He was also Chair of the Department of Communication Disorders from 2003-2007. Dr. Small was on the Executive Board of the Council of Academic Programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders (CAPCSD) from 2007-2011, serving as President from 2009-2010. He began teaching undergraduate and AuD courses at Ohio State University (OSU) in 2008. For the past thirty years, he has taught courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels in phonetics, hearing science, diagnostic audiology and aural rehabilitation, both at BGSU and OSU. He has authored or co-authored numerous presentations and publications. Dr. Small was named an ASHA Fellow in 2014.
Preface xi
1 Phonetics: A “Sound” Science 1
Learning Objectives 1
Variation in Phonetic Practice 4
The IPA and Unicode Fonts 4
A Note on Pronunciation and Dialect 6
Study Questions 7
Online Resources 7
2 Phonetic Transcription of English 9
Learning Objectives 9
The Difference Between Spelling and Sound 10
Morphemes 12
Phonemes 13
Allophones: Members of a Phoneme Family 18
Syllables 20
Word Stress 24
Broad Versus Narrow Transcription 29
Review Exercises 30
Study Questions 33
Online Resources 34
Assignments 35
3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech
Mechanism 39
Learning Objectives 39
The Respiratory System and Respiration 39
The Laryngeal System and Phonation 41
The Supralaryngeal System and Articulation 44
The Vocal Tract and Resonance 48
Review Exercises 49
Study Questions 51
Online Resources 51
4 Vowels 53
Learning Objectives 53
What Is a Vowel? 53
Transcription of the English Vowels 58
Review Exercises 97
Study Questions 102
Online Resources 102
Assignments 103
5 Consonants 111
Learning Objectives 111
What Is a Consonant? 111
Consonants Versus Vowels 111
Manner, Place, and Voicing 113
Transcription of the English Consonants 115
Review Exercises 153
Study Questions 157
Online Resources 158
Assignments 159
6 Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels
and Consonants 173
Learning Objectives 173
Time, Frequency, and Intensity 173
Vowels 177
Consonants 184
Review Exercises 197
Study Questions 201
Online Resources 201
7 Connected Speech 203
Learning Objectives 203
Assimilation 204
Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech 213
Review Exercises 226
Study Questions 232
Online Resources 233
Assignments 235
8 Clinical Phonetics: Transcription of Speech
Sound Disorders 243
Learning Objectives 243
Phonological Processes 244
Children with Phonological Disorders 255
Transcription of Speech Sound Disorders: Diacritics 257
The extIPA and the VoQS 268
Transcription of Speech Sound Disorders:
Non-English Phonemes 269
Suggestions for Transcription 274
Review Exercises 276
Study Questions 279
Online Resource 280
Assignments 281
9 Dialectal Variation 291
Learning Objectives 291
Regional Dialects 294
Southern American English 301
Eastern American English 303
Social and Ethnic Dialects 305
African American English 306
Learning English as a Second Language 309
Spanish-Influenced English 312
Asian-Influenced English I: East Asian Languages 315
Asian-Influenced English II: Asian Indian English 319
Russian- and Arabic-Influenced English 327
Review Exercises 331
Study Questions 340
Online Resources 340
Assignments 343
References 347
Answers to Questions 352
Appendix 407
Glossary 409
Index 417
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