Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis With Neutron Beams,9781402013041

Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis With Neutron Beams

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Edition: CD
ISBN13: 9781402013041
ISBN10: 1402013043
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-05-23
Publisher(s): Kluwer Academic Pub
List Price: $279.99

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Summary

Prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) is a unique, non-destructive nuclear analytical method with multi-element capabilities. It is most effective if intense neutron beams (especially cold beams) of nuclear reactors are used to induce the prompt gamma radiation. Based largely on the authors' pioneering research in cold neutron PGAA, the handbook describes the methodology in self-contained manner and reviews recent applications. The library of prompt gamma ray data and spectra for all natural elements, also provided on a CD-ROM supplement, is a unique aid to the practitioner. The level is understandable by a broad audience, which facilitates teaching and training.The Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis is a comprehensive handbook written for those practising the method, wanting to implement it at a reactor facility, or just looking for a powerful non-destructive method of element analysis. The book is also useful for nuclear physics, chemistry and engineering scientists, scholars and graduate students interested in neutron-induced gamma ray spectroscopy and nuclear analytical methods.

Table of Contents

Preface
Zs. Révay
xi
Authors xv
Chapter 1. Principles of the PGAA method
Zs. Révay, T. Belgya
1. Introduction
1(1)
2. Fundamentals of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis
2(18)
2.1 Characteristics of neutrons
2(3)
2.2 Fundamental processes occurring in PGAA
5(3)
2.2.1 Radiative neutron capture, or (n,γ)-reaction
5(1)
2.2.2 Radiative neutron capture of epithermal neutrons
5(1)
2.2.3 Activation
6(1)
2.2.4 Isomeric transition (IT)
6(1)
2.2.5 Neutron capture with charged particle emission
6(1)
2.2.6 Neutron induced fission, or (n,f)-reaction
6(1)
2.2.7 Elastic scattering
6(1)
2.2.8 Thermalization
7(1)
2.2.9 Inelastic scattering of fast neutrons, or (n,n') reaction
7(1)
2.2.10 Nuclear reactions of fast neutrons
7(1)
2.2.11 Secondary reactions
8(1)
2.3 Probabilities of nuclear reactions
8(6)
2.4 Energetics of the capture process
14(3)
2.5 Reaction rate equations
17(3)
2.5.1 Thin sample approximation
18(1)
2.5.2 "Black" sample approximation
19(1)
2.5.3 Real samples
19(1)
3. Characteristics of PGAA
20(8)
3.1 Analytical properties
20(3)
3.2 Characterization of prompt gamma spectra
23(2)
3.3 Dynamic range and detection limit
25(3)
References
28(3)
Chapter 2. Beams and Facilities
R.M. Lindstrom, Zs. Révay
1. Basic parts of the PGAA system
31(12)
1.1 Neutron sources
31(3)
1.2 Shaping and tailoring the neutron beam
34(1)
1.2.1 Collimator
34(1)
1.2.2 Neutron filters
34(1)
1.3 Neutron guides and focusing
35(5)
1.3.1 Straight guides
36(1)
1.3.2 Curved guides
37(1)
1.3.3 Supermirror guides
38(1)
1.3.4 Neutron lenses
38(2)
1.3.5 Diffracted beams
40(1)
1.4 Neutron absorbers and shielding: materials issues
40(2)
1.5 Shutter
42(1)
1.6 Beam tube
42(1)
1.7 Sample holder
43(1)
1.8 Beam stop
43(1)
2. Neutron flux mapping and monitoring
43(4)
2.1 Average neutron wavelength and beam temperature
43(2)
2.2 Monitoring and mapping
45(2)
3. Additional shielding and background issues
47(2)
4. Facilities
49(6)
References
55(4)
Chapter 3. Samples and Standards
R.M. Lindstrom, Ch. Yonezawa
1 Sample considerations
59(7)
1.1 Sample size
59(1)
1.2 Sample shape
60(6)
1.2.1 Neutron self-absorption
61(1)
1.2.2 Neutron scattering within the sample
62(3)
1.2.3 Gamma-ray self-absorption
65(1)
2 Standards and blanks
66(3)
2.1 Preparation of standards
66(1)
2.2 Reference materials
67(1)
2.3 Suitable blanks
68(1)
References
69(2)
Chapter 4. Gamma-Ray Spectrometry
T. Belgya, Zs. Révay
1. Introduction
71(1)
2. Basic instrumentation
72(8)
2.1 Detectors
72(2)
2.2 Electronics
74(2)
2.2.1 Analog electronics
74(1)
2.2.2 Digital signal processing
75(1)
2.3 Dead time and pile-up
76(2)
2.4 Response function of germanium detectors
78(2)
3. Calibration procedures
80(11)
3.1 Energy resolution
80(1)
3.2 System nonlinearity
81(2)
3.3 Detector efficiency
83(7)
3.3.1 Wide energy range efficiency calibration
83(3)
3.3.2 Intrinsic and geometric efficiency
86(1)
3.3.3 Geometry factor for collimated detectors
87(2)
3.3.4 Active and effective volume of the sample
89(1)
3.4 Calibration sources
90(1)
4. Optimization of detection
91(5)
4.1 Spectral background
91(5)
5. More sophisticated detection systems
96(8)
5.1 Compton suppressed and pair spectrometers
96(3)
5.2 Composite germanium detectors
99(1)
5.3 Coincidence techniques
99(2)
5.4 Chopped-beam PGAA
101(3)
6. Spectrum evaluation
104(5)
References
109(4)
Chapter 5. Quantitative Analysis
Ch. Yonezawa
1. Introduction
113(1)
2. Elemental identification
114(2)
3. Standardization
116(11)
3.1 Basics of standardization
116(1)
3.2 Relative standardization
116(2)
3.3 Internal standardization
118(9)
4. Sources of error
127(6)
4.1 Spectral interference
127(2)
4.2 Gamma-ray background
129(4)
5. Utilization of short-lived decay gamma rays
133(1)
References
134(3)
Chapter 6. Applications of PGAA with Neutron Beams
D.L. Anderson, Zs. Kasztovszky
1. Introduction
137(1)
2. Applications in Chemistry
138(3)
2.1 Analysis of Certified Reference Materials
138(1)
2.2 Isotopic and Chemical Composition Studies
139(1)
2.3 Chemical Matrix Studies
140(1)
3. Industry-Related Applications and Materials Science
141(7)
3.1 Related Reference Materials
141(1)
3.2 Ores, Metal Alloys, and Construction Materials
142(1)
3.3 Fossil Fuels
143(1)
3.4 Catalysts
144(1)
3.5 Glass and Semiconductors
145(1)
3.6 Nuclear Technology Applications
145(1)
3.7 Material Composition and Processing
146(2)
4. Geology, Geochemistry, and Cosmochemistry
148(4)
4.1 Geochemical Reference Material Analysis
148(1)
4.2 Geology
149(2)
4.3 Cosmochemistry
151(1)
5. Art and Archaeology
152(4)
5.1 Stone tools
152(1)
5.2 Ceramics
153(1)
5.3 Pigments and paintings
154(1)
5.4 Metal objects
154(2)
6. Food and Agriculture
156(2)
6.1 Certification of Reference Materials
156(1)
6.2 Analysis of Food
157(1)
7. Environmental Studies
158(2)
7.1 Atmospheric Gases and Particles
158(1)
7.2 Water and Sediment Pollution
159(1)
8. Biology
160(2)
8.1 Biological Matrix Reference Materials
160(1)
8.2 Human and Animal Studies
161(1)
9. Medicine
162(2)
9.1 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
162(1)
9.2 Other Medical Studies
163(1)
References
164(9)
Chapter 7. Prompt Gamma-Ray Spectrum Catalog
Zs. Révay, R.B. Firestone, T. Belgya, G.L. Molnár
1. Introduction
173(1)
2. Evaluation of prompt gamma-ray data
174(2)
2.1 Sources of the evaluation
174(1)
2.2 Measurements in Budapest
174(1)
2.3 Evaluation
175(1)
3. Spectra and tables for elements
176(10)
3.1 Format of the elemental spectra
176(3)
3.2 Format of the elemental tables
179(7)
3.3 Background spectra
186(1)
References
186(179)
3.4 Spectra and tables for each element
186
Appendices Reference Data
R.B. Firestone, G.L. Molnár, Zs. Révay
1. Fundamental constants
365(2)
2. Properties of chemical elements
367(4)
3. Isotopic data
371(9)
4. Radioactive nuclides
380(10)
5. X-ray energies and intensities
390(3)
6. Energy and intensity standards
393(7)
7. Thermal neutron capture data
400(10)
8. Resonance parameters and Westcott g factors
410(2)
9. Neutron capture cross section of elements
412(5)
Index 417

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