The History of Texas

• Fully revised to reflect the most recent scholarly findings
• Offers extensive coverage of twentieth-century Texas history
• Includes an overview of Texas history up to the Election of 2012
• Provides online resources for students and instructors, including a test bank, maps, presentation slides, and more

Arnoldo De León is C. J. “Red” Davidson Professor of History at Angelo State University, Texas. He is the author of several works on Texas and Mexican American history, among them The Tejano Community:1836-1900 (1982, 1997); Mexican Americans in Texas: A Brief History (1993, 1999, 2009); Racial Frontiers: Africans, Chinese, and Mexicans in Western America, 1848-1890 (2002); and editor of War Along the Border: The Mexican Revolution and Tejano Communities (2012); and co-author of North to Aztlán: A History of Mexican Americans in the United States (2006). His numerous awards and distinctions include selection as Fellow of the Texas State Historical Association and membership in the Texas Institute of Letters. He was the recipient, in 2013, of the National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies’ Premio Estrella de Aztlán Lifetime Achievement Award.

Gregg Cantrell is the Erma and Ralph Lowe Chair in Texas History at Texas Christian University. He is the author or editor of numerous works on Texas history, including Lone Star Pasts: Memory and History in Texas (2007), Stephen F. Austin, Empresario of Texas (1999), and Feeding the Wolf: John B. Rayner and the Politics of Race (2001). He is a member of the Texas Institute of Letters and Fellow of the Texas State Historical Association, of which he served as President, 2013-2014.

List of Maps vi

Preface and Acknowledgments vii

Timeline x

Chapter 1 Contact of Civilizations, 1521–1721 1

Chapter 2 Spaniards in a Far Northern Frontera, 1721–1821 27

Chapter 3 Mexican Texas, 1821–1836 54

Chapter 4 Launching a Nation, 1836–1848 83

Chapter 5 Statehood, Secession, and Civil War, 1848–1865 111

Chapter 6 The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1876 142

Chapter 7 A Frontier Society in Transition, 1876–1886 181

Chapter 8 Texas in the Age of Agrarian Discontent, 1886–1900 213

Chapter 9 Texas in the Progressive Era, 1900–1929 237

Chapter 10 Texas and the Great Depression, 1929–1941 289

Chapter 11 War, Prosperity, and Modernization, 1941–1960 328

Chapter 12 Texas in Transition, 1960–1986 375

Chapter 13 A New Texas? 1986–2001 406

Chapter 14 Into the New Millennium, 2001–2012 439

Appendix 469

Index 474