Preface |
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1 | (1) |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (6) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 A Guide to the Manual |
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2 | (3) |
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1.3 Resources for the Osteologist |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
Chapter 2 Field Procedures for Skeletal Remains |
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7 | (14) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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2.3 Excavation and Retrieval |
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9 | (11) |
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20 | (1) |
Chapter 3 Ethics in Osteology |
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21 | (10) |
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3.1 Ethics in Forensic Osteology |
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21 | (3) |
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3.1.1 Boundaries of Evidence |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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3.2 Ethics in Archeological Osteology |
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24 | (7) |
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3.2.1 Ethics in Collision |
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25 | (3) |
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3.2.2 NAGPRA and Its Effects |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
Chapter 4 Bone Biology & Variation |
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31 | (18) |
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31 | (2) |
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4.2 A Few Facts about Bone |
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33 | (1) |
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4.3 Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System |
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33 | (7) |
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4.4 Gross Anatomy of Bones |
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40 | (2) |
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4.5 Molecular Structure of Bone |
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42 | (1) |
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4.6 Histology and Metabolism of Bone |
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42 | (4) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
Chapter 5 Postmortem Skeletal Modification |
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49 | (18) |
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50 | (2) |
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5.2 Bone Modification by Physical Agents |
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52 | (3) |
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52 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Rock, Earth, and Ice |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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5.3 Bone Modification by Nonhuman Biological Agents |
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55 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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5.4 Bone Modification by Humans |
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57 | (10) |
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5.4.1 Cut marks, Chop marks, and Scrape marks |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (5) |
Chapter 6 Anatomical Terminology |
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67 | (8) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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6.4 General Bone Features |
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72 | (3) |
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6.4.1 Projections and Parts |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
Chapter 7 Skull |
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75 | (52) |
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75 | (2) |
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7.2 Elements of the Skull |
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77 | (7) |
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7.3 Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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7.5 Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (5) |
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87 | (4) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (3) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (5) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (4) |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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7.10.3 Possible Confusion |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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7.11.3 Possible Confusion |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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7.12.3 Possible Confusion |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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7.13.3 Possible Confusion |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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7.14 Inferior Nasal Conchae |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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7.14.3 Possible Confusion |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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7.15.3 Possible Confusion |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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7.16.3 Possible Confusion |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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7.17.3 Possible Confusion |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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7.18.3 Possible Confusion |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (5) |
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117 | (4) |
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121 | (1) |
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7.19.3 Possible Confusion |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (5) |
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122 | (4) |
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126 | (1) |
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7.20.3 Possible Confusion |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
Chapter 8 Dentition |
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127 | (28) |
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8.1 Dental Form and Function |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (3) |
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8.5 To Which Category (Class) Does the Tooth Belong? |
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134 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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8.6 Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous? |
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136 | (2) |
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8.6.1 Diagnostic Criteria |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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8.7 Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower? |
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138 | (4) |
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8.7.1 Upper versus Lower Incisors |
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139 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Upper versus Lower Canines |
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139 | (1) |
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8.7.3 Upper versus Lower Premolars |
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140 | (1) |
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8.7.4 Upper versus Lower Molars |
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141 | (1) |
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8.8 Where in the Arch Is the Tooth Located? |
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142 | (6) |
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8.8.1 Upper Incisors: I¹ versus I² |
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142 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Lower Incisors: I¹ versus I² |
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142 | (2) |
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8.8.3 Upper Premolars: P³ versus P4 |
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144 | (1) |
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8.8.4 Lower Premolars: P3 versus P4 |
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144 | (2) |
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8.8.5 Upper Molars: M¹ versus M² versus M³ |
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146 | (1) |
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8.8.6 Lower Molars: M¹ versus M² versus M³ |
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147 | (1) |
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8.9 Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side? |
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148 | (7) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (3) |
Chapter 9 Hyoid & Vertebrae |
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155 | (26) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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9.2 General Characteristics of Vertebrae |
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156 | (7) |
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157 | (5) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (7) |
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163 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Special Cervical Vertebrae |
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163 | (6) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (6) |
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170 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Special Thoracic Vertebrae |
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170 | (6) |
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (5) |
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176 | (4) |
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9.5.2 Identifying Lumbar Position |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
Chapter 10 Thorax: Sternum & Ribs |
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181 | (12) |
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181 | (4) |
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181 | (3) |
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184 | (1) |
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10.1.3 Possible Confusion |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (8) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Possible Confusion |
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187 | (5) |
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192 | (1) |
Chapter 11 Shoulder Girdle: Clavicle & Scapula |
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193 | (10) |
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193 | (2) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Possible Confusion |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (8) |
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195 | (6) |
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201 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Possible Confusion |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
Chapter 12 Arm: Humerus, Radius, & Ulna |
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203 | (22) |
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208 | (6) |
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208 | (4) |
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212 | (2) |
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12.1.3 Possible Confusion |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (5) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Possible Confusion |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (6) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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12.3.3 Possible Confusion |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (3) |
Chapter 13 Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, & Phalanges |
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225 | (16) |
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228 | (5) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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13.1.5 Trapezium (Greater Multangular) |
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231 | (1) |
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13.1.6 Trapezoid (Lesser Multangular) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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13.1.10 Possible Confusion |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (6) |
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13.2.1 First Metacarpal (Thumb) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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13.2.7 Possible Confusion |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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13.3.1 Proximal Hand Phalanges |
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240 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Intermediate Hand Phalanges |
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240 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Distal Hand Phalanges |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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13.3.5 Possible Confusion |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
Chapter 14 Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, & Os Coxae |
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241 | (14) |
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241 | (4) |
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241 | (3) |
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244 | (1) |
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14.1.3 Possible Confusion |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (9) |
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246 | (6) |
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252 | (1) |
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14.3.3 Possible Confusion |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
Chapter 15 Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, & Fibula |
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255 | (32) |
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255 | (15) |
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255 | (12) |
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267 | (1) |
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15.1.3 Possible Confusion |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Possible Confusion |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (9) |
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271 | (8) |
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279 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Possible Confusion |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (7) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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15.4.3 Possible Confusion |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (6) |
Chapter 16 Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, & Phalanges |
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287 | (22) |
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292 | (8) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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16.1.5 Medial (First) Cuneiform |
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298 | (1) |
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16.1.6 Intermediate (Second) Cuneiform |
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298 | (1) |
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16.1.7 Lateral (Third) Cuneiform |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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16.1.9 Possible Confusion |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (6) |
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300 | (5) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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16.2.7 Possible Confusion |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (3) |
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16.3.1 Proximal Foot Phalanges |
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306 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Intermediate Foot Phalanges |
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306 | (1) |
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16.3.3 Distal Foot Phalanges |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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16.3.5 Possible Confusion |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
Chapter 17 Osteological & Dental Pathology |
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309 | (24) |
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312 | (5) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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17.1.3 Artificial Deformation |
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314 | (1) |
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17.1.4 Trephination and Amputation |
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315 | (2) |
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17.2 Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations |
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317 | (3) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (2) |
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17.2.4 Treponemal Infections |
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320 | (1) |
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17.3 Circulatory Disturbances and Hematopoietic Disorders |
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320 | (3) |
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17.4 Metabolic and Hormonal Imbalance |
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323 | (2) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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17.4.4 Endocrine Disturbances and Dysplasias |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (3) |
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325 | (2) |
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17.6.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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327 | (1) |
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17.6.3 Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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17.7.3 Periodontal Disease |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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17.7.5 Artificial Dental Modification |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
Chapter 18 Laboratory Procedures & Reporting |
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333 | (27) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (3) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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18.6 Metric Acquisition and Analysis |
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340 | (4) |
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344 | (4) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (5) |
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349 | (1) |
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18.9.2 Exposure and Film (or other recording media) |
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350 | (1) |
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18.9.3 Lighting and Setup |
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351 | (1) |
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18.9.4 Legal Considerations |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (3) |
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358 | (2) |
Chapter 19 The Skeletal Biology of Individuals & Populations |
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19.1 Accuracy and Precision of Estimation |
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360 | (2) |
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19.2 From Known to Unknown |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (22) |
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19.3.1 Estimating Subadult Age from Dentition |
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364 | (1) |
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19.3.2 Estimating Adult Age from Dentition |
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365 | (4) |
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19.3.3 Estimating Adult Age from Cranial Suture Closure |
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369 | (4) |
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19.3.4 Estimating Subadult Age from Long-Bone Length |
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373 | (1) |
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19.3.5 Estimating Subadult Age from Epiphyseal Closure |
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373 | (1) |
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19.3.6 Estimating Adult Age from the Pubic Symphysis Surface |
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374 | (6) |
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19.3.7 Parturition Changes at the Pubic Symphysis |
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380 | (1) |
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19.3.8 Estimating Adult Age from the Auricular Surface of the Ilium |
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380 | (1) |
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19.3.9 Estimating Adult Age from the Sternal Rib End |
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381 | (1) |
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19.3.10 Estimating Adult Age by Radiographic Analysis |
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381 | (1) |
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19.3.11 Estimating Adult Age from Bone Microstructure |
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381 | (3) |
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19.3.12 Multifactorial Age Estimation |
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384 | (1) |
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19.4 Determination of Sex |
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385 | (13) |
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19.4.1 Sexing the Skull and Dentition |
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386 | (1) |
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19.4.2 Sexing the Postcranial Skeleton |
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387 | (11) |
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19.5 Estimation of Stature |
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398 | (2) |
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19.6 Estimation of Ancestry |
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400 | (4) |
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19.7 Identifying the Individual |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (4) |
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19.8.1 Dental Nonmetric Variation |
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407 | (1) |
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19.8.2 Cranial Nonmetric Variation |
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407 | (3) |
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19.8.3 Postcranial Nonmetric Variation |
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410 | (1) |
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19.9 Estimating Biological Distance |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (3) |
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19.11 Disease and Demography |
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414 | (5) |
Glossary |
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419 | (8) |
Appendix Web Review |
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427 | (2) |
Bibliography |
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429 | (24) |
Index |
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453 | |