Human Genetics for the Social Sciences

by Gregory Carey

ISBN13: 9780761923459

ISBN10: 0761923454

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2002-11-12

Publisher(s): SAGE Publications, Inc

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Summary

There is a growing awareness of the important role that human genetics plays in individual differences in human behavior. Human Genetics for the Social Sciences introduces students of the social and behavioral sciences to the basic biological concepts underscoring the study of genetics. Carey explains basic biological concepts while covering principles of genetics, evolution and evolutionary psychology, and the genetics of individual differences. Selective coverage of research in genetics, focusing on areas of most relevance to the social sciences, enables students to appreciate the role of genetics in everyday human behavior. Recommended for social science courses in Human Development, Personality, Psychology, Individual and Family Studies, Human Development, Education, and Sociology. Features and Benefits: Chapter introductions and highlighted key terms aid student comprehension. Text boxes explore issues in depth and figures and tables visually augment text discussion. Advanced Topics sections present technical issues at the end of selected chapters. Suggested Readings at the end of each chapter to guide students to further information. An accompanying fully interactive web site, http://psych.colorado.edu/hgss/ , introduces students to basic principles of genetics, supplying students with quizzes, learning exercises, articles on advanced topics in genetics, as well as links to a variety of related web resources.

Author Biography

Gregory Carey is Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, and Faculty Fellow, Institute of Behavioral Genetics, both at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

Preface

xix

For Everyone

xix

For Course Instructors

For Students

xxi

For Professionals

xxi

For All of You Who Have Helped Me

xxii

Lemonade

(6)

Introduction

(1)

Lemonade

(1)

A Historical Perspective on Lemonade

(1)

The Implications of Lemonade

(1)

Lemonade and This Text

(1)

References

(1)

Module I. What Genes Are

(186)

The Cell

(20)

Introduction

(1)

Cell Structure

(2)

Life in the Big Cell: Intracellular Processes

(6)

Metabolism

(1)

Transportation

(1)

Storage

(1)

Cell Division

(3)

Cell Talk: How Cells Communicate

(1)

The Nerve Cell

(8)

The Neuron

(2)

Cell Talk Between Nerve Cells: Neuronal Transmission

(2)

Cell Talk Between Nerve Cells: The Results of the Message

(2)

Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Genes

(2)

Three Disclaimers About the Nervous System

(1)

Notes

(1)

DNA and the Genetic Code

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Physical Structure of DNA

(1)

DNA Replication

(2)

DNA Packaging

(2)

RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

(1)

The Genetic Code: A General Perspective

(2)

Protein Synthesis

(7)

Proteins and Enzymes Revisited

(2)

Protein Synthesis: The Process

(5)

Hemoglobin: An Example of the Genetic Code and Its Organization

(2)

Gene Patenting Again

(4)

Notes

(1)

Epigenesis and Genetic Regulation

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Lyonization: X-Chromosome Inactivation

(1)

Differential RNA Splicing

(1)

Genomic Imprinting

(1)

Transcriptional Control

(6)

Methylation

(1)

Regulatory Molecules

(1)

Hormones

(1)

Transcriptional Control and Behavior: Stress, Anxiety, and Genes

(3)

Developmental Genetics

(3)

Homeotic Genes

(2)

Sexual Development

(1)

Why Such Complexity?

(1)

Notes

(1)

References

(2)

Mendelian Traits and Behavior

(26)

Introduction

(3)

Terminology

(2)

Relationship Between Genotypes and Phenotypes

(1)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

(4)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

(4)

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Alcohol Use, and Alcohol Abuse

(2)

Fragile X Syndrome

(4)

Sickle-Cell Anemia

(3)

Conclusion

(1)

Notes

(1)

References

(4)

DCG: Disorders With Complex Genetics

(16)

Introduction: Complex Genetic Disorders and Disorders With Complex Genetics

(1)

Alzheimer's Disease: A Model DCG

(10)

AD: The Phenotype

(1)

AD: Classification

(1)

AD: Genetics of Familial Alzheimer's Disease

(2)

AD: The Apolipoprotein E Locus

(1)

AD: The Great Unknown

(1)

Phenocopies

(1)

Multifactorial Transmission: Genetics

100

(2)

Multifactorial Transmission: Environmental Factors

102

(1)

The Multifactorial Threshold Model

102

(2)

Overall Perspective of DCG

104

(2)

The Final Lesson for DCG: Genetics Is a Tool, Not a Goal

106

(1)

Notes

107

(1)

References

107

(2)

The New Genetics: Techniques for DNA Analysis

109

(22)

Introduction

109

(1)

Basic Tools and Techniques

110

(3)

Basic Tools: Electrophoresis

110

(1)

Basic Tools: Cloning

111

(1)

Basic Tools: Probes and Primers

111

(1)

Basic Tools: Light Bulbs

112

(1)

Basic Tools: Restriction Enzymes

112

(1)

Basic Tools: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

113

(1)

Types of Polymorphisms

113

(6)

Polymorphisms 1: Blood Groups

113

(1)

Polymorphisms 2: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

114

(3)

Polymorphisms 3: Tandem Repeat Polymorphisms

117

(1)

Polymorphisms 4: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

118

(1)

Polymorphisms 5: Gene Sequencing

118

(1)

Other Molecular Techniques

119

(2)

In Situ Hybridization

119

(1)

Mutational Screening

119

(1)

DNA Microarrays

120

(1)

Finding the Gene for a Trait

121

(1)

Advanced Topics: How the Human Genome Was Sequenced

121

(8)

Notes

129

(1)

Reference

130

(1)

Chromosomes and Chromosomal Anomalies

131

(16)

Introduction and a Historical Curiosity

131

(1)

The Karyotype

132

(1)

The Nomenclature of Chromosomes

132

(2)

Chromosomal Aberrations

134

(7)

Down's Syndrome

134

(3)

Turner's Syndrome

137

(2)

XYY Syndrome

139

(2)

Chromosomal Microdeletions

141

(2)

Prader-Willi Syndrome

141

(1)

Angelman Syndrome

142

(1)

Conclusion

143

(1)

Notes

143

(1)

References

144

(3)

Mendel

147

(14)

Introduction

147

(1)

Gregor Mendel

148

(1)

Mendel's Laws: Dominance

149

(1)

Mendel's Laws: Segregation

149

(2)

Mendel's Laws: Independent Assortment

151

(2)

Mendel's Laws: Exceptions

153

(1)

Application of Mendel's Laws: The Punnett Rectangle

153

(7)

The Punnett Rectangle: An Example

154

(2)

The Punnett Rectangle: A Two-Locus Example

156

(2)

The Punnett Rectangle: X-Linked Loci

158

(2)

Conclusion

160

(1)

Notes

160

(1)

Morgan and Linkage

161

(20)

Introduction: Thomas Hunt Morgan

161

(1)

Basic Definitions

162

(5)

Homologous Chromosomes

162

(1)

Recombination

163

(1)

Haplotypes

164

(1)

Marker Genes

165

(1)

The Recombination Fraction (θ)

165

(2)

The Probability of Gametes and Offspring Under Linkage

167

(2)

Gametes

167

(1)

Offspring

168

(1)

Linkage Analysis

169

(5)

Introduction to the Logic Behind Linkage Analysis

169

(5)

Some Further Issues in Linkage Analysis

174

(3)

Disease Genes and Marker Genes

174

(1)

Linkage: Mendelian Disorders Versus DCG

174

(1)

Linkage and Statistics

175

(1)

Linkage in a Single Pedigree

175

(1)

Linkage: Parametric and Nonparametric Techniques

176

(1)

Linkage and QTLs

177

(2)

What Next?

179

(1)

Notes

179

(1)

References

180

(1)

The Association Study

181

(12)

Introduction: Use of the Association Design

181

(2)

Linkage and Association

181

(1)

Association and Genes of Theoretical Interest

182

(1)

Association Studies: Two Major Designs

183

(6)

Population-Based Association Designs

183

(1)

Population Stratification

184

(1)

Family-Based Association Designs

185

(1)

Genetic Relatives as Controls

186

(1)

Transmission Disequilibrium

187

(2)

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Association Study

189

(2)

The Problem of Linkage Disequilibrium

190

(1)

Conclusion

191

(1)

Notes

191

(1)

References

192

(1)

Module II. Evolution and Evolutionary Psychology

193

(80)

Introduction to Module II: Evolution

195

(6)

Fruit Flies and Bananas

195

(2)

Description, Etiology, and Evaluation

197

(2)

The Naturalistic Fallacy

199

(1)

Notes

199

(1)

References

199

(2)

The Five Forces Behind Human Evolution

201

(24)

Introduction

201

(1)

Natural Selection

202

(5)

The Three Modes of Natural Selection

203

(3)

The Effects of Natural Selection

206

(1)

Genetic Drift

207

(2)

Mutation

209

(2)

Population Mating Structure (aka Population Structure)

211

(4)

Behavioral Effects on Population Mating Structure

213

(2)

Culture

215

(1)

The Five Forces: Integration

216

(2)

Common Mistakes in Evolutionary Thinking

218

(5)

Evolution Has a Goal

218

(1)

Evolution Works for the Good of the Species

219

(1)

Natural Selection Explains Everything

219

(2)

Evolution and Optimization

221

(1)

Confusing Relative With Absolute Fitness

221

(2)

The Naturalistic Fallacy

223

(1)

Notes

223

(1)

References

224

(1)

Human Evolution

225

(16)

How Humans Evolved

225

(6)

Protohuman Evolution

225

(2)

Theories of Recent Human Evolution

227

(2)

Human Evolution Into the Historical Era

229

(2)

Genetics and Human Races

231

(3)

Genetic Differences Among Human Populations

234

(3)

Notes

237

(1)

References

238

(3)

Introduction to Evolutionary Psychology

241

(16)

Introduction

241

(1)

Social Organization, Aggression, and Mating of Three Great Apes

242

(4)

Gorillas

242

(1)

Chimpanzees

243

(2)

Bonobos

245

(1)

Are Human Social Organization and Mating Biologically Constrained?

246

(3)

How Are Humans Different From Other Apes?

249

(1)

Questions About Human Behavior

250

(5)

Why Are There Human Societies in the First Place?

251

(1)

Why Are Small Children Cute?

251

(1)

Why Go Through Childbirth?

252

(1)

Why Have Sex?

253

(1)

Why Have Sex With Other People?

254

(1)

Why Don't We Just Smell Other Humans?

254

(1)

Wrapping It Up

255

(1)

Notes

256

(1)

References

256

(1)

Principles of Evolutionary Psychology

257

(16)

Introduction

257

(1)

Prepared Learning

258

(5)

Human Fears and Phobias

261

(2)

Inclusive Fitness and Kin Selection

263

(2)

Reciprocity and Cooperation

265

(3)

Parental Investment

268

(2)

Overview

270

(1)

Notes

270

(2)

References

272

(1)

Module III. Behavioral Genetics of Individual Differences

273

(206)

Introduction to Module III---Individual Differences

275

(10)

Introduction

275

(1)

Quickie Statistics

276

(8)

Distributions

276

(1)

The Mean

276

(1)

The Variance and Standard Deviation

277

(2)

The Correlation Coefficient

279

(5)

Quantitative Thinking

284

(1)

A Disclaimer

284

(1)

Notes

284

(1)

Quantitative Genetics I: Important Concepts

285

(26)

Introduction

285

(1)

Continuous Variation

286

(3)

Continuous Variation and a Single Locus

286

(2)

Continuous Variation and Multiple Loci

288

(1)

Important Quantitative Concepts

289

(8)

Introduction

289

(1)

Heritability and Environmentability

289

(2)

Genetic Correlations and Environmental Correlations

291

(1)

Gene-Environment Interaction

292

(1)

An Example of Gene-Environment Interaction

293

(1)

How Important Is Gene-Environment Interaction?

294

(1)

Gene-Environment Correlation

295

(1)

How Important Is GE Correlation?

296

(1)

The Twin and Adoption Methods

297

(6)

Family Correlations

297

(1)

The Twin Method: Rationale

297

(1)

The Twin Method: Assumptions

298

(3)

The Adoption Method: Rationale

301

(1)

The Adoption Method: Assumptions

301

(2)

The Family Environment

303

(1)

Comments on Heritability and Environmentability Estimation

304

(3)

Notes

307

(1)

References

308

(3)

Quantitative Genetics II: Estimation and Testing

311

(26)

Introduction

311

(1)

Estimating Heritability and Environmentability: A Quantitative Model

311

(11)

The Model

312

(1)

The Two Central Equations of the Model and How to Write Them

313

(2)

A Numerical Example

315

(5)

Making Life Simple

320

(2)

A Second Mathematical Model

322

(4)

The Model

322

(1)

The Two Central Equations for This Model (and How They Relate to the Previous Model)

323

(1)

A Numerical Example

323

(2)

Making Life Simple

325

(1)

Estimating Genetic Correlations and Environmental Correlations

326

(5)

A Numerical Example

327

(4)

Testing Estimates of Heritability, Environmentability, and Genetic and Environmental Correlations

331

(3)

A Numerical Example

332

(2)

An Overall Perspective on Estimation and Testing

334

(1)

Notes

335

(1)

References

335

(2)

Genes, IQ Scores, and Social Status I: The Phenotype of IQ

337

(16)

Introduction

337

(1)

The History of the Psychological Construct of Intelligence

338

(3)

Contemporary Intelligence Tests

341

(7)

Items on Intelligence Tests: Content Validity

341

(3)

Correlates of IQ Scores: Construct Validity

344

(2)

Reliability and Stability of IQ Scores

346

(2)

Intelligence and Intelligences

348

(2)

Conclusions About IQ Scores

350

(1)

Notes

351

(1)

References

352

(1)

Genes, IQ Scores, and Social Status II: Genetic Epidemiology

353

(34)

Introduction

353

(1)

Genes and IQ Scores: Genetic Epidemiology

353

(9)

Kinship Correlations From Older Studies

353

(2)

Kinship Correlations for New Studies

355

(1)

The Flynn Effect: A Shared Family Environment Influence on IQ

356

(1)

Genes, g, and Multiple Intelligences

357

(3)

Genes and the Development of IQ

360

(2)

Social Status: The Phenotype

362

(1)

Social Status: Genetic Epidemiology

363

(3)

Genes, IQ Scores, and Social Status: The Question of ``How''

366

(13)

Two Extreme Views

366

(5)

A Complete View: Emerging Patterns in a Puzzle

371

(7)

A Complete View: Areas of Uncertainty

378

(1)

Genes, IQ Scores, and Social Policy

379

(2)

Notes

381

(1)

References

382

(5)

Personality

387

(26)

Personality: The Phenotype and Its Measurement

387

(2)

The Organization of Adult Personality

389

(2)

Genetics of Adult Personality Traits

391

(13)

The Empirical Data

391

(5)

The Loehlin and Nichols Observations

396

(1)

Sex Differences in the Heritability of Personality

397

(1)

Continuity and Change in Adult Personality

398

(1)

The Empirical Data

398

(4)

The Set Point Model

402

(2)

What Happened to the Family Environment?

404

(1)

Development and Personality

405

(4)

Notes

409

(1)

References

410

(3)

Schizophrenia

413

(18)

Introduction

413

(1)

Schizophrenia: The Phenotype

413

(2)

Genetic Epidemiology of Schizophrenia I: Heritability

415

(2)

Genetic Epidemiology of Schizophrenia II: Beyond Heritability

417

(2)

The Multifactorial Threshold Model Revisited: Diathesis-Stress

419

(4)

Diathesis-Stress and Lemonade

422

(1)

Molecular Genetic Studies of Schizophrenia

423

(3)

Other Forms of Psychopathology

426

(2)

Notes

428

(1)

References

428

(3)

Antisocial Behavior and Violence

431

(48)

Introduction

431

(1)

Antisocial Behavior: The Phenotype

432

(2)

Three Definitions

432

(1)

Violence

433

(1)

Natural History of Antisocial Behavior

433

(1)

Genetic Epidemiology

434

(6)

Basic Findings

434

(2)

Expanded Findings

436

(3)

Violence

439

(1)

Summary

439

(1)

Genes and Antisocial Behavior: The How

440

(12)

The Individual Differences Perspective

440

(3)

ASB and Evolutionary Psychology: Homicide

443

(1)

Why Don't Genetic Relatives Kill One Another?

444

(1)

Why Don't Children Kill One Another?

445

(1)

Why Males as Victims and Perpetrators?

446

(1)

Homicide: An Evolutionary Perspective

447

(1)

The How: Molecular Genetics

448

(1)

The Most Replicable Genetic Association in Psychiatry and Psychology

448

(2)

Is This Association ``Spurious''?

450

(2)

Lemonade Redux

452

(1)

Notes

453

(1)

References

454

(25)

Author Index

479

(10)

Subject Index

489

(18)

About the Author

507

Human Genetics for the Social Sciences

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