Preface |
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xix | |
UNIT ONE FOUNDATIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH |
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1 | (162) |
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Community Health--Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow |
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2 | (26) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (6) |
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3 | (2) |
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Factors That Affect the Health of a Community |
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5 | (4) |
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A Brief History of Community and Public Health |
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9 | (11) |
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9 | (1) |
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Middle Ages (A.D. 500-1500) |
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10 | (1) |
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Renaissance and Exploration (A.D. 1500-1700) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (6) |
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Outlook for Community Health in the Twenty-First Century |
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20 | (4) |
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World Planning for the Twenty-First Century |
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20 | (1) |
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The United States' Planning for the Twenty-First Century |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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25 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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25 | (3) |
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Organizations That Help Shape Community Health |
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28 | (26) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Governmental Health Agencies |
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30 | (14) |
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International Health Agencies |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (6) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (2) |
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Coordinated School Health Program |
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42 | (2) |
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Quasi-Governmental Health Organizations |
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44 | (1) |
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The American Red Cross (ARC) |
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44 | (1) |
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Other Quasi-Governmental Organizations |
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45 | (1) |
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Nongovernmental Health Agencies |
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45 | (5) |
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Voluntary Health Agencies |
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45 | (2) |
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Professional Health Organizations/Associations |
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47 | (1) |
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Philanthropic Foundations |
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48 | (1) |
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Service, Social, and Religious Organizations |
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48 | (1) |
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Corporate Involvement in Community Health |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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51 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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51 | (3) |
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Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community |
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54 | (33) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (3) |
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Definition of Epidemilogy |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (3) |
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Incidence, Prevalence, and Attack Rates |
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59 | (1) |
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Crude and Age-Adjusted Rates |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Reporting of Births, Deaths, and Diseases |
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61 | (3) |
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Sources of Standardized Data |
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64 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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Statistical Abstract of the United States |
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65 | (1) |
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Monthly Vital Statistics Report |
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65 | (1) |
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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (3) |
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Standardized Measurements of Health Status of Populations |
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68 | (6) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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Years of Potential Life Lost |
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71 | (1) |
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Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) |
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72 | (1) |
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Disability-Adjusted Life Expectancy |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (7) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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82 | (3) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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85 | (2) |
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Epidemiology: Prevention and Control of Diseases and Health Conditions |
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87 | (25) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Classification of Diseases and Health Problems |
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88 | (2) |
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Communicable Versus Noncommunicable Diseases |
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88 | (1) |
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Acute Versus Chronic Diseases and Illnesses |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels |
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93 | (1) |
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Malignant Neoplasms (Cancer) |
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94 | (1) |
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Other Noncommunicable Disease Problems |
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95 | (2) |
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Prioritizing Prevention and Control Efforts |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Years of Potential Life Lost |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (11) |
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Prevention of Communicable Diseases |
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100 | (6) |
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Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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110 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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110 | (2) |
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Community Organizing/Building and Health Promotion Programming |
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112 | (22) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Community Organizing/Building |
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113 | (2) |
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Need for Organizing Communities |
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114 | (1) |
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Assumptions of Community Organizing |
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114 | (1) |
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Community Organizing Methods |
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115 | (1) |
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The Process of Community Organizing/Building |
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115 | (6) |
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115 | (1) |
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Gaining Entry into the Community |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Determining the Priorities and Setting Goals |
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119 | (1) |
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Arriving at a Solution and Selecting Intervention Activities |
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120 | (1) |
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The Final Steps in the Community Organizing/Building Process: Implementing, Evaluating, Maintaining, and Looping Back |
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120 | (1) |
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A Special Note About Community Organizing/Building |
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121 | (1) |
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Health Promotion Programming |
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121 | (1) |
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Basic Understanding of Program Planning |
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121 | (1) |
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Creating a Health Promotion Program |
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122 | (8) |
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Understanding the Community and Engaging the Target Population |
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123 | (1) |
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Assessing the Needs of the Target Population |
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123 | (3) |
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Setting Appropriate Goals and Objectives |
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126 | (1) |
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Creating an Intervention That Considers the Peuliarities of the Setting |
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126 | (2) |
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Implementing the Intervention |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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131 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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132 | (2) |
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The School Health Program: A Component of Community Health |
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134 | (29) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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Coordinated School Health Program Defined |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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The Need for School Health |
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139 | (3) |
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Foundations of the School Health Program |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Monitoring the Status of School Health Policy in the United States |
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144 | (2) |
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Major Components of a Coordinated School Health Program |
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146 | (8) |
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Administration and Organization |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Healthy School Environment |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (4) |
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Issues and Concerns Facing the School Health Program |
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154 | (5) |
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Coordinated School Health Program |
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155 | (1) |
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Dealing with Controversy in the Curriculum |
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156 | (1) |
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School-Based Health Centers (SBHCs) or School-Linked Health Centers (SLHCs) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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160 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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160 | (3) |
UNIT TWO THE NATION'S HEALTH |
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163 | (214) |
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Maternal, Infant, and Child Health |
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164 | (43) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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Family and Reproductive Health |
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167 | (12) |
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168 | (5) |
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173 | (6) |
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179 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (7) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (8) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (6) |
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Community Programs for Women, Infants, and Children |
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196 | (7) |
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Maternal and Child Health Bureau |
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197 | (2) |
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Women, Infants, and Children Program (WIC Program) |
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199 | (1) |
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Providing Health Insurance and Health Care for Women, Infants, and Children |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Other Advocates for Children |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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204 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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205 | (2) |
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Adolescents, Young Adults, and Adults |
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207 | (26) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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Adolescents and Young Adults |
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208 | (15) |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (11) |
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Community Health Strategies for Improving the Health of Adolescents and Young Adults |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (7) |
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223 | (6) |
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Community Health Strategies for Improving the Health of Adults |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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230 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (31) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (8) |
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Size and Growth of the Elder Population |
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237 | (1) |
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Factors That Affect Population Size and Age |
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238 | (2) |
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Support and Labor-Force Ratios |
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240 | (2) |
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Other Demographic Variables of the Aging |
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242 | (3) |
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A Health Profile of Elders |
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245 | (5) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
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Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Instrumental Needs of Elders |
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250 | (10) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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Community Facilities and Services |
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257 | (3) |
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260 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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261 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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262 | (2) |
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Community Health and Minorities |
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264 | (45) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (5) |
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Racial and Ethnic Classifications |
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270 | (2) |
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Health Data Sources and Their Limitations |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (3) |
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Americans of Hispanic Origin |
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276 | (1) |
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Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders |
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276 | (2) |
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Native Americans and Alaska Natives |
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278 | (3) |
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U.S. Government, Native Americans, and the Provision of Health Care |
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279 | (1) |
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Indian Health Service (IHS) |
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280 | (1) |
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Refugees: The New Immigrants |
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281 | (1) |
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Race and Health Initiative |
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282 | (11) |
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282 | (1) |
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Cancer Screening and Management |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (3) |
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Child and Adult Immunization Rates |
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290 | (3) |
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Socioeconomic Status and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health |
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293 | (4) |
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Equity in Minority Health |
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297 | (8) |
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297 | (4) |
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Empowering the Self and the Community |
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301 | (4) |
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305 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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306 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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306 | (3) |
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309 | (32) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (3) |
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311 | (1) |
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Classification of Mental Disorders |
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312 | (1) |
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Origins and Causes of Mental Disorders |
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312 | (1) |
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Mental Illness in America |
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313 | (6) |
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Statistical Indicators of Mental Illness |
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313 | (1) |
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Social Indicators of Mental Illness |
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314 | (1) |
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Stress: A Contemporary Mental Health Problem |
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315 | (4) |
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History of Mental Health Care in America |
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319 | (9) |
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Mental Health Care before World War II |
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319 | (4) |
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Mental Health Care After World War II |
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323 | (5) |
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Mental Health Care in America Today |
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328 | (8) |
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The Problem of Homelessness |
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328 | (3) |
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Meeting the Needs of the Mentally Ill: Prevention and Treatment |
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331 | (3) |
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Federal Initiatives for Mental Health Care |
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334 | (1) |
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Community Mental Health and Managed Care |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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337 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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338 | (3) |
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Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs: A Community Concern |
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341 | (36) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (4) |
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Scope of the Current Drug Problem in the United States |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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Factors That Contribute to Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Abuse |
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346 | (3) |
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347 | (1) |
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Environmental Risk Factors |
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347 | (2) |
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Types of Drugs Abused and Resulting Problems |
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349 | (12) |
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349 | (5) |
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Controlled Substances and Illicit (Illegal) Drugs |
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354 | (7) |
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Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse |
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361 | (10) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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Governmental Drug Prevention and Control Agencies and Programs |
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363 | (4) |
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Nongovernmental Drug Prevention and Control Agencies and Programs |
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367 | (4) |
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371 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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372 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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373 | (4) |
UNIT THREE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY |
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377 | (64) |
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Health Care System: Structure |
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378 | (32) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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A Brief History of Health Care Delivery in the United States |
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379 | (8) |
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The Spectrum of Health Care Delivery |
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387 | (4) |
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Public (or Population-Based) Health Practice |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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Types of Health Care Providers |
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391 | (11) |
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392 | (5) |
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Limited (or Restricted) Care Providers |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (3) |
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Allied Health Care Professionals |
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400 | (1) |
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Public Health Professionals |
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401 | (1) |
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Health Care Facilities and Their Accreditation |
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402 | (4) |
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402 | (4) |
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Accreditation of Health Care Facilities |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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407 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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408 | (2) |
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Health Care System: Function |
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410 | (31) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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Gaining Access to and Paying for Health Care in the United States |
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411 | (5) |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (6) |
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The Health Insurance Policy |
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419 | (1) |
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Types of Health Insurance Coverage |
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420 | (1) |
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The Cost of Health Insurance |
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421 | (1) |
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Self-Insured Organizations |
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422 | (1) |
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Health Insurance Provided by the Government |
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422 | (3) |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (1) |
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Supplemental Health Insurance |
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425 | (2) |
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425 | (1) |
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Other Supplemental Insurance |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (4) |
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428 | (3) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Managed Care |
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431 | (1) |
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Other Arrangements for Delivering Health Care |
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431 | (6) |
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National Health Insurance |
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431 | (1) |
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Canadian Health Care System |
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432 | (3) |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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438 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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439 | (2) |
UNIT FOUR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY |
|
441 | (147) |
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Environmental Concerns: Wastes and Pollution |
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442 | (40) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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Natural Environmental Hazards |
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443 | (1) |
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Residues and Wastes from Human Activities |
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444 | (2) |
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Types of Wastes and Pollution |
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446 | (32) |
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446 | (7) |
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453 | (3) |
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456 | (9) |
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465 | (8) |
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473 | (3) |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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479 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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480 | (2) |
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The Impact of Environment on Human Health |
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|
482 | (34) |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (1) |
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Biological Hazards and Human Health |
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484 | (8) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (4) |
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490 | (2) |
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Chemical Hazards and Human Health |
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492 | (8) |
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492 | (2) |
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Environmental Tobacco Smoke |
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494 | (2) |
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496 | (4) |
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Physical Hazards and Human Health |
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500 | (3) |
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500 | (1) |
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Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation |
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501 | (2) |
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Psychological Hazards and Human Health |
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503 | (1) |
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Sociological Hazards and Human Health |
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504 | (4) |
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504 | (4) |
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Site and Location Hazards and Human Health |
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|
508 | (3) |
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|
509 | (2) |
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511 | (1) |
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Scenario: Analysis and Response |
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|
512 | (1) |
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Community Health on the Web |
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|
513 | (3) |
|
Injuries as a Community Health Problem |
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|
516 | (40) |
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|
517 | (1) |
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|
517 | (4) |
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|
517 | (1) |
|
Cost of Injuries to Society |
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|
518 | (3) |
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|
521 | (15) |
|
Types of Unintentional Injuries |
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|
521 | (2) |
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Epidemiology of Unintentional Injuries |
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|
523 | (7) |
|
Prevention through Epidemiology |
|
|
530 | (2) |
|
Community Approaches to the Prevention of Unintentional Injuries |
|
|
532 | (4) |
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|
536 | (16) |
|
Types of Intentional Injuries |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Epidemiology of Intentional Injuries |
|
|
537 | (4) |
|
Violence in Our Society and Resources for Prevention |
|
|
541 | (11) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Scenario: Analysis and Response |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Community Health on the Web |
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
Safety and Health in the Workplace |
|
|
556 | (32) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Importance of Occupational Safety and Health to the Community |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
History of Occupational Safety and Health Problems |
|
|
559 | (4) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health in the United States before 1970 |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
Prevalence of Occupational Injuries, Diseases, and Deaths |
|
|
563 | (17) |
|
Overview of Recent Trends in Workplace Injuries and Illnesses |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Unintentional Injuries in the Workplace |
|
|
564 | (9) |
|
Prevention and Control of Unintentional Injuries in the Workplace |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Workplace Violence: Intentional Workplace Injuries |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
Occupational Illnesses and Disorders |
|
|
576 | (4) |
|
Resources for the Prevention of Workplace Injuries and Diseases |
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Professionals |
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Programs |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Scenario: Analysis and Response |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Community Health on the Web |
|
|
585 | (3) |
Appendix 1 Retrospective Studies: How to Calculate an Odds Ratio |
|
588 | (1) |
|
Prospective Studies: How to Calculate Relative and Attributable Risk |
|
|
588 | (1) |
Appendix 2 Operational Definitions for the 1990 Census |
|
589 | (2) |
Appendix 3 Revised Operational Definitions for 1997 |
|
591 | (1) |
Appendix 4 Self-Assessment Checklist |
|
592 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
595 | (17) |
Credits |
|
612 | (1) |
Index |
|
613 | |