An Introduction to the Visual System
by Martin J. TovéeEdition: 2nd
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2008-07-14
Publisher(s): Cambridge University Press
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Summary
Building on the successful formula of the first edition, Martin Tovèe offers a concise but detailed account of how the visual system is organised and functions to produce visual perception. He takes his readers from first principles; the structure and function of the eye and what happens when light enters, to how we see and process images, recognise patterns and faces, and through to the most recent discoveries in molecular genetics and brain imaging, and how they have uncovered a host of new advances in our understanding of how visual information is processed within the brain. Incorporating new material throughout, including almost 50 new images, every chapter has been updated to include the latest research, and culminates in helpful key points, which summarise the lessons learnt. This book is an invaluable course text for students within the fields of psychology, neuroscience, biology and physiology.
Table of Contents
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| A user's guide? | p. 1 |
| Brain organisation | p. 2 |
| Why is the cerebral cortex a sheet? | p. 4 |
| Cortical origami | p. 6 |
| Does connectivity predict intelligence? | p. 7 |
| Analysis techniques: mapping the brain | p. 8 |
| Structural imaging | p. 8 |
| Functional imaging techniques: PET and fMRI | p. 10 |
| What is the relationship between blood flow and neural activity? | p. 12 |
| The resolution problem | p. 13 |
| Measuring brain activity in real time: MEG and EEG | p. 14 |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | p. 15 |
| Summary of key points | p. 16 |
| The eye and forming the image | p. 18 |
| What is the eye for? | p. 18 |
| Light | p. 18 |
| The structure of the eye | p. 19 |
| Focusing the image | p. 25 |
| The development of myopia | p. 26 |
| Clouding of the lens (cataracts) | p. 28 |
| Photoreceptors | p. 28 |
| Transduction | p. 30 |
| The calcium feedback mechanism | p. 31 |
| Signal efficiency | p. 32 |
| The centre-surround organisation of the retina | p. 33 |
| Light adaptation | p. 36 |
| Duplicity theory of vision | p. 37 |
| Sensitivity, acuity and neural wiring | p. 40 |
| Summary of key points | p. 41 |
| Retinal colour vision | p. 44 |
| Why do we need more than one cone pigment? | p. 44 |
| Trichromacy | p. 44 |
| The genetics of visual pigments | p. 47 |
| The blue cone pigment | p. 53 |
| Rhodopsin and retinitis pigmentosa | p. 54 |
| Better colour vision in women? | p. 55 |
| Three pigments in normal human colour vision? | p. 56 |
| The evolution of primate colour vision | p. 59 |
| What is trichromacy for? | p. 59 |
| Summary of key points | p. 60 |
| The organisation of the visual system | p. 62 |
| Making a complex process seem simple | p. 62 |
| The retina | p. 62 |
| The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) | p. 63 |
| The primary visual cortex (VI) | p. 64 |
| Visual area 2 (V2) | p. 67 |
| Visual area 4 (V4) | p. 68 |
| Visual areas 3 (V3) and 5 (V5) | p. 69 |
| The koniocellular pathway | p. 69 |
| The functional organisation | p. 70 |
| Perception vs. action | p. 71 |
| Blindsight | p. 73 |
| Summary of key points | p. 76 |
| Primary visual cortex | p. 78 |
| The visual equivalent of a sorting office? | p. 78 |
| Segregation of layer 4 inputs | p. 79 |
| Cortical receptive fields | p. 79 |
| Spatial frequency | p. 81 |
| Texture | p. 82 |
| Direction selectivity | p. 82 |
| Colour | p. 84 |
| Modular organisation | p. 84 |
| Summary of key points | p. 87 |
| Visual development: an activity-dependent process | p. 89 |
| Variations on a theme | p. 89 |
| Monocular or binocular deprivation | p. 91 |
| Image misalignment and binocularity | p. 93 |
| Image misalignment in humans | p. 94 |
| Selective rearing: manipulating the environment | p. 96 |
| Impoverished visual input in humans | p. 98 |
| The critical period | p. 98 |
| What we see, shapes how we see it | p. 99 |
| Summary of key points | p. 99 |
| Colour constancy | p. 101 |
| The colour constancy problem | p. 101 |
| The Land Mondrian experiments | p. 102 |
| Reflectance and lightness: the search for constancy in a changing world | p. 103 |
| The biological basis of colour constancy | p. 105 |
| Colour constancy and the human brain | p. 106 |
| Summary of key points | p. 108 |
| Object perception and recognition | p. 109 |
| From retinal image to cortical representation | p. 109 |
| Early visual processing | p. 109 |
| A visual alphabet? | p. 112 |
| Complex objects in 3-D: face cells | p. 118 |
| Functional divisions of face cells: identity, expression and direction of gaze | p. 120 |
| The grandmother cell? | p. 121 |
| Are face cells special? | p. 122 |
| Visual attention and working memory | p. 126 |
| Fine-tuning memory | p. 129 |
| A clinical application? | p. 130 |
| Visual imagery and long-term visual memory | p. 131 |
| Summary of key points | p. 132 |
| Face recognition and interpretation | p. 133 |
| What are faces for? | p. 133 |
| Face recognition | p. 133 |
| Laterality and face recognition | p. 136 |
| How specialised is the neural substrate of face recognition? | p. 138 |
| The amygdala and fear | p. 139 |
| The frontal cortex and social interaction | p. 143 |
| Faces as a social semaphore | p. 144 |
| Summary of key points | p. 145 |
| Motion perception | p. 147 |
| The illusion of continuity | p. 147 |
| Saccades | p. 148 |
| Suppression of perception during saccades | p. 150 |
| What happens if you don't have saccades? | p. 151 |
| How to stabilise the visual world | p. 152 |
| Navigating through the world: go with the flow? | p. 153 |
| Going against the flow? | p. 155 |
| The neural basis of motion detection | p. 156 |
| Human V5 | p. 161 |
| Summary of key points | p. 163 |
| Brain and space | p. 164 |
| The final frontier | p. 164 |
| Oculomotor cues | p. 164 |
| Interposition | p. 165 |
| Relative size | p. 166 |
| Perspective | p. 166 |
| Motion parallax | p. 168 |
| Stereopsis | p. 168 |
| The neural basis of three-dimensional space representation | p. 169 |
| The problem of visual neglect | p. 170 |
| The neural basis of neglect | p. 172 |
| Summary of key points | p. 174 |
| What is perception? | p. 175 |
| Putting it all together | p. 175 |
| Neuronal oscillations | p. 175 |
| How else to solve the problem | p. 178 |
| What is perception? | p. 180 |
| Change blindness | p. 180 |
| Perceptual rivalry | p. 182 |
| The illusion of perception | p. 185 |
| Summary of key points | p. 185 |
| References | p. 187 |
| Index | p. 210 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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