Preface |
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xviii | |
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An Overview of Juvenile Justice |
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1 | (30) |
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The Background and History of the Juvenile Justice System |
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3 | (6) |
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The Concept of Juvenile Responsibility |
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3 | (1) |
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Parens Patriae: The State as Parent |
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3 | (2) |
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Juvenile Justice History in America |
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5 | (4) |
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Juvenile Versus Adult Justice Systems |
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9 | (4) |
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Differences Between the Two Systems |
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9 | (1) |
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Similarities Between the Two Systems |
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10 | (3) |
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Juveniles, Delinquency, and the Law |
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13 | (4) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (2) |
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The Scope of the Juvenile Justice System |
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17 | (2) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Dependent and Neglected Children |
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18 | (1) |
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An Overview of the Juvenile Justice Process |
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19 | (8) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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Theories and Measurement of Juvenile Delinquency |
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31 | (41) |
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Theories of Juvenile Delinquency |
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33 | (25) |
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The Emergence of the Classical School |
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34 | (2) |
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Biology, Determinism, and the Positive School |
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36 | (4) |
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Psychological Explanations of Delinquency |
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40 | (1) |
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Sociological Explanations of Delinquency |
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41 | (11) |
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Developmental and Life-Course Perspectives |
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52 | (3) |
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Delinquency Theories and the Juvenile Justice System, Process, and Law |
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55 | (1) |
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Measuring Juvenile Crime and Victimizations |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (8) |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (2) |
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Juvenile Conduct Leading to Police Involvement |
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72 | (39) |
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Taking Juveniles into Custody |
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73 | (1) |
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The Arrest Requirement and Probable Cause |
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73 | (4) |
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Who Determines Probable Cause? |
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73 | (1) |
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Establishing Probable Cause |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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Police Discretion When Arresting Juveniles |
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77 | (1) |
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Factors That Influence Juvenile Arrest Decisions |
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77 | (6) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (3) |
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The Number and Trend of Juvenile Arrests |
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83 | (2) |
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Legal Rights of Juveniles During Stop and Frisk, Arrests, and Searches and Seizures |
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85 | (1) |
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Stop and Frisk of Juveniles |
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86 | (8) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (2) |
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School Searches and Police Assistance |
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90 | (1) |
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Case Brief: New Jersey v. T. L. O. |
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91 | (3) |
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General Search Conditions for Juvenile Probationers |
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94 | (2) |
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Custody and Interrogation of Juveniles |
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95 | (1) |
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Miranda Wording and Juveniles |
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96 | (6) |
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When Is a Suspect Under ''Custodial Interrogation'' for Miranda Purposes? |
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96 | (3) |
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A Juvenile May Waive Miranda Rights: The Totality of Circumstances Test |
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99 | (1) |
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Per Se Rules and Juvenile Waiver |
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100 | (2) |
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Refusal to Waive Miranda Must Be Clear and Unambiguous |
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102 | (1) |
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Confidentiality and the Police |
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102 | (5) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Media, Juveniles, and the Police |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (30) |
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113 | (7) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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Who Makes a Delinquency Referral to Intake Officers? |
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116 | (1) |
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Procedures and Decisions at Intake |
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117 | (3) |
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The Legal Rights of Juveniles at Intake |
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120 | (3) |
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Is Intake a ``Critical Stage'' Requiring Counsel? |
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121 | (1) |
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Admissibility of Intake Information at Adjudication Proceedings |
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122 | (1) |
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Case Brief: In re Wayne H. |
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123 | (3) |
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General Guidelines on the Admissibility of Intake Information in Adjudication Proceedings |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (3) |
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126 | (1) |
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Examples of Diversion Programs |
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127 | (1) |
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Who Qualifies for Diversion? |
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127 | (1) |
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What Happens If a Youth Refuses to Accept Diversion? |
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128 | (1) |
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The Legal Rights of Juveniles in Diversion |
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129 | (5) |
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Do Juveniles Have a Constitutional Right to Diversion? |
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129 | (1) |
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Is a Hearing Required to Deny Diversion? |
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130 | (1) |
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Cases Similarly Situated and Diversion Offers |
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130 | (1) |
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Removing a Youth from Diversion |
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131 | (1) |
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Diversion and Double Jeopardy |
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132 | (1) |
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May Prior Diversions Be Used to Increase Future Sentences? |
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133 | (1) |
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Extralegal Issues in Diversion |
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134 | (4) |
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Bias in Selection for Diversion |
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134 | (2) |
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Does Diversion Promote Further Contact with the Juvenile Justice System? |
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136 | (1) |
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Diversion and Net Widening |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Status Offenders, Dependent and Neglected Youths, and Juvenile Victimizations |
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141 | (36) |
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Historical Methods of Dealing with Nondelinquents |
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143 | (2) |
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The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) of 1974 |
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145 | (2) |
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Core Requirements of the JJDPA of 1974 |
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146 | (1) |
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Amendments to the JJDPA of 1974 |
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147 | (1) |
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The Juvenile Justice System and Status Offenders |
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147 | (4) |
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Justification for Juvenile Justice Intervention for Status Offenders Today |
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148 | (1) |
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The Juvenile Court Process for Status Offenders |
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148 | (1) |
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The Rights of Status Offenders in Adjudication Proceedings |
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149 | (1) |
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Dispositions for Status Offenders |
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149 | (2) |
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Status Offense Case Processing in the Juvenile Justice System |
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151 | (4) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Dependency, Neglect, and the Juvenile Justice System |
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155 | (11) |
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Reasons for Juvenile Court Intervention for Dependent and Neglected Youths |
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155 | (3) |
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Forms of Dependency and Neglect |
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158 | (1) |
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Agencies Dealing with Dependency and Neglect |
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159 | (4) |
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The Extent of Dependency and Neglect |
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163 | (3) |
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Juvenile Court Processing for Dependency and Neglect |
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166 | (4) |
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Court Petition or Complaint |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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Detention and Transfer to Adult Court |
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177 | (31) |
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Pre-adjudication Detention of Juveniles |
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179 | (2) |
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The Purpose of Juvenile Detention |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Detention Procedures and the Rights of Detained Juveniles |
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181 | (6) |
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181 | (1) |
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The Required Detention Hearing |
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182 | (3) |
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The Rights of Juveniles at Detention Hearings |
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185 | (1) |
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Do Juveniles Have a Constitutional Right to Bail If Detained? |
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185 | (1) |
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May a Juvenile Be Detained in an Adult Jail? |
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186 | (1) |
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Juvenile Transfer to Adult Court |
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187 | (2) |
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The Purpose of Juvenile Transfer |
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187 | (2) |
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Factors Influencing Transfer |
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189 | (1) |
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Types of Juvenile Transfer and Procedures |
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189 | (3) |
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191 | (1) |
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Case Brief: Kent v. United States |
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192 | (7) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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Choosing the Transfer Method |
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199 | (3) |
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The Impact of Juvenile Transfer |
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202 | (2) |
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Removing Serious Offenders |
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203 | (1) |
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Longer Sentences and Harsher Penalties? |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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The National Court System and the Juvenile Courts |
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208 | (35) |
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The Court System and Its Process |
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210 | (9) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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The Geographical Boundaries of Court Decisions |
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214 | (1) |
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Judicial Precedent (Stare Decisis) |
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214 | (2) |
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Federal Versus State Jurisdiction |
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216 | (1) |
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Juveniles in Federal Court |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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The Origin and Formation of the First Juvenile Court |
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219 | (5) |
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What Led Up to Juvenile Courts |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (3) |
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The Juvenile Court Structure |
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224 | (13) |
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The Organization of Juvenile Courts |
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224 | (1) |
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Do Juvenile Courts Have Jurisdiction in All Matters Involving Juveniles? |
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224 | (1) |
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Should There Be a Unified or Coordinated Juvenile Court? |
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225 | (1) |
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The Administration of Juvenile Courts |
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226 | (3) |
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Specialized Juvenile Courts |
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229 | (4) |
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233 | (4) |
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Is a Separate Juvenile Court Needed? |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Adjudication of Juveniles |
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243 | (26) |
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245 | (1) |
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Adjudication of Juveniles in the Past |
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245 | (1) |
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Adjudication of Juveniles Today |
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246 | (1) |
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Juvenile Adjudication Compared with Adult Criminal Trial |
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246 | (1) |
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Similarities to the Adult Trial |
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246 | (1) |
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Differences with the Adult Trial |
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247 | (1) |
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Procedures During Adjudication |
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247 | (5) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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The Selection of Jurors (in Cases Tried Before a Jury) |
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249 | (1) |
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The Presentation of the Case for the Prosecution |
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250 | (1) |
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The Presentation of the Case for the Defense |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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The Judge's Instructions to the Jury |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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The Rights of Juveniles During Trial |
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252 | (8) |
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In re Gault (1967): The Leading Case in Juvenile Adjudication |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (3) |
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The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination |
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256 | (1) |
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The Right to Notice of the Charges |
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257 | (1) |
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The Right Against Double Jeopardy: Breed v. Jones (1975) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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The Right to Proof of Guilt Beyond a Reasonable Doubt |
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259 | (1) |
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Case Brief: In re Winship |
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260 | (2) |
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Waiver of Constitutional Rights |
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261 | (1) |
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Constitutional Rights During Trial Not Given to Juveniles |
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262 | (3) |
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No Right to a Trial by Jury |
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262 | (2) |
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No Right to a Public Trial |
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264 | (1) |
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The Exclusionary Rule and Juvenile Adjudication |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (32) |
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271 | (8) |
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The Goals of Disposition: Ideals Versus Reality |
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272 | (4) |
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Discretion in Dispositions |
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276 | (1) |
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When Disposition Takes Place |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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Roles During Dispositions |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (7) |
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Placement in an Institution |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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Other Sanctions That Leave the Juvenile in the Community |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (3) |
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Legal and Constitutional Issues in Dispositions |
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289 | (1) |
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The Rights of Juveniles During Dispositions |
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289 | (1) |
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The Use of Illegally Obtained Evidence in Dispositions |
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289 | (1) |
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Case Brief: Haley v. Ohio |
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290 | (6) |
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Juveniles and ``Three Strikes and You're Out'' Sentences |
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292 | (1) |
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Juveniles Confined Longer Than Adults for Similar Offenses |
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293 | (1) |
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The Use of Juvenile Records If Later Sentenced as an Adult |
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293 | (1) |
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Punishing Parents for What Their Children Do |
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294 | (2) |
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Juveniles and the Right to Appeal |
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296 | (1) |
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Juveniles May Appeal a Conviction and Disposition |
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296 | (1) |
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Juveniles May Be Released While an Appeal Is Pending |
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296 | (1) |
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Appeal Distinguished from Habeas Corpus |
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297 | (1) |
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Towards a More Progressive Approach to Juvenile Disposition |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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Juvenile Probation and Parole |
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301 | (32) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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The Origin and History of Juvenile Probation |
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304 | (1) |
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The Organization and Administration of Probation and Parole |
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305 | (1) |
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Conditions of Probation and Parole |
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306 | (3) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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Modification of Conditions |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (5) |
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309 | (1) |
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The Juvenile Probation Officer |
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310 | (2) |
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Fare v. Michael C. (1979): An Important Case in Juvenile Supervision |
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312 | (2) |
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Other Community-Based Programs |
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314 | (5) |
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Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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Legal Issues in Probation and Parole Practices |
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319 | (7) |
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Searches and Seizures of Probationers and Parolees |
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319 | (1) |
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Miranda Warnings and Interrogation by Probation Officers |
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320 | (1) |
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Problems in Partnerships Between Probation Officers and Police Officers |
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321 | (2) |
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Testing Juveniles for Drugs |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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The Probation Records of Juveniles |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (3) |
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The Initiation of Revocation |
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327 | (1) |
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The Lack of Legal Standards for Revocation |
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327 | (1) |
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Juveniles' Rights Prior to Revocation |
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327 | (1) |
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The Results of Revocation |
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328 | (1) |
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Case Brief: Gagnon v. Scarpelli |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Juvenile Correctional Institutions |
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333 | (48) |
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The Development and Evolution of Juvenile Institutions |
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335 | (7) |
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The Early Seeds of Juvenile Institutions: Almshouses and Orphanages (1600s--1820s) |
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335 | (2) |
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The First Juvenile Institutions: Houses of Refuge (1825--1850s) |
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337 | (1) |
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Reformatories, Training Schools, and the Cottage System (1846--1980s) |
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338 | (3) |
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The Juvenile Correctional Facility (1980s--Present) |
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341 | (1) |
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Types of Juvenile Placements |
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342 | (22) |
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Pre--adjudication Placements for Delinquents |
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342 | (5) |
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Post-adjudication Placements for Delinquents |
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347 | (15) |
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Placements for Nondelinquents |
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362 | (2) |
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Conditions of Confinement and the Rights of Institutionalized Juveniles |
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364 | (6) |
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Conditions of Confinement in Juvenile Institutions |
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364 | (3) |
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The Rights of Institutionalized Juveniles |
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367 | (3) |
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Case Brief: Morales v. Turman |
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370 | (7) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (2) |
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The Death Penalty for Juveniles: Roper v. Simmons (2005) |
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381 | (21) |
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The Death Penalty in General |
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383 | (3) |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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The Death Penalty for Juveniles Before Simmons |
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386 | (6) |
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386 | (1) |
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The Laws and Practices Before Simmons |
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386 | (2) |
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U.S. Supreme Court Cases Before Simmons |
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388 | (2) |
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``Evolving Standards of Decency'' as a Test for Constitutionality |
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390 | (2) |
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Developments Before Simmons |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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392 | (1) |
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Atkins v. Virginia (2002): A Judicial Precedent for Simmons |
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392 | (1) |
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Roper v. Simmons (2005): The Death Penalty for Juveniles Is Unconstitutional |
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393 | (5) |
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The Holding and the Issue |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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The Majority Opinion by Five Justices |
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395 | (1) |
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The Dissenting Opinions by Four Justices |
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396 | (2) |
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What Happens After Roper v. Simmons? |
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398 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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Key Terms and Definitions |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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Schools, School Crime, and the Rights of Students |
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402 | (35) |
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Juveniles, the Law, and Schools |
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404 | (10) |
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The Legal Basis of School Authority |
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404 | (1) |
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Legal Issues in Regulating Student Behavior |
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405 | (9) |
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Case Brief: Pottawatomie County v. Earls |
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|
414 | (3) |
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The Extent of School Crime |
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417 | (8) |
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418 | (1) |
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School Crime in the 1990s |
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418 | (6) |
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The Bottom Line on School Crime |
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424 | (1) |
|
Making Schools Safe---Can It Be Done? |
|
|
425 | (9) |
|
|
425 | (4) |
|
Security Measures in Schools---Are They Effective? |
|
|
429 | (2) |
|
School Partnerships with the Criminal and Juvenile Justice Systems |
|
|
431 | (3) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Key Terms and Definitions |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Juvenile Justice: Past, Present, and Future |
|
|
437 | (22) |
|
|
439 | (3) |
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The Discovery of Childhood |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
A Separate Legal System for Youths |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Juvenile Justice Reform and the Erosion of Parens Patriae |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Recognizing Nondelinquents and Diversity in Juvenile Courts |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
The Dual Path of Juvenile Justice |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (8) |
|
The Current State of the Juvenile Court and the Juvenile Justice System |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Some Current Issues and Trends |
|
|
443 | (6) |
|
Public Opinion and Pendulum Shifts |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (5) |
|
Females and Juvenile Justice |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Reinventing Juvenile Probation |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
Five Themes and Trends in State Laws Targeting Serious Crimes Committed by Juveniles |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
A Juvenile Justice System for This Century |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Key Terms and Definitions |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
Appendix A U.S. Supreme Court Decisions in Juvenile Justice |
|
459 | (2) |
Appendix B Where State Juvenile Laws Are Found |
|
461 | (3) |
Appendix C Finding and Interpreting Court Cases |
|
464 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
467 | (9) |
Notes |
|
476 | (21) |
Index |
|
497 | |