Learning/Memory Cl (Eichenbaum)

by Eichenbaum,Howard

Edition: 00

ISBN13: 9780393924473

ISBN10: 0393924475

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2008-03-24

Publisher(s): W. W. Norton & Company

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Summary

Utilizing three key strategies, the book achieves this synthesis by first taking an interdisciplinary approach, integrating theories and research from the fields of animal learning, human memory, and neuroscience. Next, Eichenbaum incorporates animal and human research literature throughout to give the book a strong comparative dimension. Finally, Eichenbaum organizes the text around multiple memory systems, moving from simple to more complex forms of learning and memory.Complemented by a comprehensive art program featuring nearly 175 drawings and photos, Learning & Memory is a path-breaking text, thoroughly integrating neuroscience and behavioral research to clearly convey the contemporary science of the mind.

Author Biography

Howard Eichenbaum (Ph.D. University of Michigan) is University Professor at Boston University, where he is also Director of the Center for Memory and Brain and Chair of the Psychology Department

Preface	p. xiii
Foundations
The Nature of Learning and Memory	p. 2
Memory Defines Our Individuality	p. 4
Memory Plays a Pervasive Role in Daily Life	p. 7
Amazing Cases of Amnesia	p. 8
The Study of Learning and Memory Has a Long History	p. 12
Modern Scientific Approaches to the Study of Learning and Memory	p. 20
Themes of This Book	p. 23
Chapter Summary	p. 35
The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory	p. 38
Cells, Circuits, and Systems	p. 40
Neurons: The Cellular Units of Information Processing	p. 41
Learning & Memory in Action: What Happens to the Brain When We Age?	p. 45
Interconnected Neurons in Brain Circuits Serve Specific Functions	p. 53
Learning & Memory in Action: Can Genetic Alterations Improve Memory?	p. 62
Brain Systems Serve Psychological Functions	p. 63
Chapter Summary	p. 81
Unconscious Forms of Learning and Memory
Simple Forms of Learning and Memory	p. 86
Habituation and Sensitization Are Nonassociative Forms of Learning	p. 88
Habituation Occurs within Brain Circuits	p. 89
Habituation Helps Us Study Recognition Memory	p. 91
Learning & Memory in Action: How Do Advertisers Use Dishabituation to Direct Attention to Their Products?	p. 96
Primitive Nervous Systems Reveal the Biology of Habituation	p. 97
Sensitization Increases Responsiveness	p. 100
Learning & Memory in Action: Why Do Horror Movies Heighten Our Responses to Benign Events?	p. 102
Chapter Summary	p. 105
Perceptual Learning and Memory	p. 108
Characteristics of Perceptual Learning and Memory	p. 110
Perceptual Skill Learning: Identifying Stimuli	p. 112
Learning & Memory in Action: Can Someone Really Be a "Born Expert"?	p. 113
Learning & Memory in Action: How Can Farmers Distinguish between Male and Female Baby Chicks?	p. 118
Perceptual Memories	p. 130
Chapter Summary	p. 140
Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning	p. 142
Pavlov Began the Study of Classical Conditioning	p. 144
Classical Conditioning Provides Protocols for Studying Simple Motor Responses	p. 147
Variations in Conditioning Reveal Its Basic Properties	p. 151
Learning & Memory in Action: How Do Clinicians Treat Phobias?	p. 158
Complex Associations in Classical Conditioning	p. 158
The Nature of the Association in Classical Conditioning	p. 162
Neural Circuits Build Reflex Arcs to Support Classical Conditioning	p. 166
Classical Conditioning Can Illuminate Other Memory Systems	p. 172
Learning & Memory in Action: Can Coyotes Be Trained Not to Prey on Sheep?	p. 176
Chapter Summary	p. 178
Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning	p. 182
Instrumental Learning Changes Reinforced Behavior to Reflect Memory	p. 184
Reinforcers Modify the Predictive Relationship between Stimulus and Response	p. 185
Learning & Memory in Action: What Is the Basis of Losing Streaks?	p. 189
Animals Learn about the Environment and Expect Reinforcers	p. 191
Humans' Habits and Skills Combine Cognitive Memory and Instrumental Learning of Motor Programs	p. 201
Striatal Cortical Pathways Support Instrumental Learning and Skill Acquisition	p. 203
Learning & Memory in Action: Why Does Stress Often Cause Forgetting?	p. 207
Chapter Summary	p. 216
Emotional Learning and Memory	p. 218
Emotion and Memory Mix at Multiple Levels	p. 220
Emotional Learning Can Occur without Conscious Recollection	p. 221
Learning & Memory in Action: Why Do Advertisers Bombard Us with Product Names and Images?	p. 228
Emotions Influence the Strength of Cognitive Memories	p. 229
Neural Circuitry for Expressing Emotions Supports Emotional Learning and Memory	p. 233
Brain Circuits That Support Emotional Arousal and Attention Modulate Cognitive Memory	p. 244
Learning & Memory in Action: Why Are Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Anxiety So Difficult to Treat?	p. 250
Chapter Summary	p. 252
Conscious Forms of Learning and Memory
Cognitive Memory	p. 256
Cognitive Memory Is Declarative; Behavioral Memory Is Procedural	p. 260
Cognitive Memory Is Flexible and Inferential	p. 261
Learning & Memory in Action: How Do People Make Creative Leaps?	p. 263
Human Cognitive Memory: Distinct Encoding and Retrieval Strategies	p. 264
Learning & Memory in Action: How Do Mnemonists Perform Their Tricks?	p. 276
Cognitive Memory Uses a Circuit of Cortical Structures and the Hippocampus	p. 277
Animal Models Identify the Role of the Hippocampus in Cognitive Memory	p. 281
Chapter Summary	p. 292
Episodic Memory	p. 294
Defining Episodic Memory	p. 296
Fundamental Properties of Episodic Memory	p. 300
Learning & Memory in Action: Eyewitness Testimony	p. 302
The Hippocampus Supports Episodic Memory	p. 306
Learning & Memory in Action: Aging and Memory Loss	p. 310
Episodic Memory May Exist in Animals	p. 314
Hippocampal Neurons Represent Episodic Memories	p. 324
Chapter Summary	p. 330
Semantic Memory	p. 332
Defining Semantic Memory	p. 334
Learning & Memory in Action: How Can Computers Learn to Recognize Speech?	p. 340
Spatial Memories May Be Organized as Routes or Surveys	p. 341
Learning & Memory in Action: Designing Cities	p. 344
The Organization of Semantic Information Processing	p. 345
Episodic Memory Contributes to Semantic Memory	p. 352
Chapter Summary	p. 360
Memory Consolidation	p. 362
Studies of Retrograde Amnesia Characterized Memory Consolidation	p. 365
Memory Consolidation Has Two Distinct Stages	p. 370
Cellular Events Are the First Stage of Memory Consolidation	p. 371
Learning & Memory in Action: Blocking Consolidation of Traumatic Memories	p. 375
The Hippocampal-Cortical System Supports Prolonged Memory Reorganization	p. 376
Learning & Memory in Action: Does Sleep Aid Memory Consolidation?	p. 386
Models of Cortical-Hippocampal Interactions Illuminate Memory Reorganization	p. 388
Chapter Summary	p. 394
Short-Term Memory and Working Memory	p. 396
Defining Short-Term Memory	p. 400
Working Memory Is Short-Term Memory with Several Components	p. 408
Learning & Memory in Action: How Do Waitresses and Waiters Remember So Much?	p. 412
Working Memory Is Controlled by the Prefrontal Cortex	p. 415
Learning & Memory in Action: What Is It Like to Have Prefrontal Cortex Damage?	p. 419
A Network of Cortical Areas Orchestrates Working Memory	p. 432
Chapter Summary	p. 436
Glossary	p. G-1
References	p. R-1
Credits	p. C-1
Name Index	p. N-1
Subject Index	p. S-1
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Learning/Memory Cl (Eichenbaum)

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