Bringing writers to readers brings readers to writing. Today's students do readwe know that they read a significant amount of email, text messages, web pages, and even magazines. What many do not do is read in a sustained way. Many do not come to college prepared to read long texts, nor do they come with the tools necessary to analyze and synthesize what they read. Nick Delbanco and Alan Cheuse have proven in their own teaching that when you improve students' ability and interest in reading, you will help them improve their writing. A new part 1 in this edition frontloads information for students on both the writing process and the critical use of sources. Bringing writers to students, brings students to writing. Literature: Craft and Voice is an innovative Introductory Literature program designed to engage students in the reading of Literature, all with a view to developing their reading, analytical, and written skills. Accompanied by, and integrated with, video interviews of dozens of living authors who are featured in the text, conducted by authors Nick Delbanco and Alan Cheuse specifically for use with their textbook, the book provides a living voice for the literature on the page and creates a link between the student and the authors of great works of literature. The first text of its kind, Literature: Craft and Voiceoffers a more enjoyable and effective reading experience through its fresh, inviting design and accompanying rich video program. Digital support is provided through CONNECT Literature which will be totally integrated with the Blackboard CMS.

Literature: Craft & Voice, 2e

*Material marked with is an asterisk is new to this edition

* New Part:

PART 1: Writing from Reading

* New Chapter:

*1 Reading and Writing Analytically

* The Role of Literature in a Visual Age

Gareth Hinds: Beowulf, Graphic Novel

Two Film Adaptations of Beowulf

*The Rewards of Close Reading

*Reading Prepares You for Writing

*Writing from Reading and College Success

*Connect Writing in College to Writing Beyond College

*The Literacy Narrative and Conversations on Writing

Questions for Creating Your Own Literacy Narrative

A Conversation on Writing with Amy Hempel

Amy Hempel, San Francisco (1985)

2 Writing from Reading

A Student’s Initial Reaction to “Rapture”

An Interactive Reading of Anton Chekhov’s “Rapture”

Using Critical Reading Strategies That Support Writing

Moving from Summary to Interpretation

A Student Paper: A Response to Anton Chekhov’s “Rapture”

Reading from Writing

* New Chapter:

*3 Developing an Argument

Source-Based Evidence: Summary vs. Paraphrase vs. Quotation

*A Conversation with Robert Pinsky

Robert Pinsky, Shirt (1990)

Ten Tips for Refining Your Ideas

*Making a Claim: A Defensible Thesis

*Using Logic to Organize Your Argument

*Source-Based Evidence: Quoting, Paraphrasing,

Summarizing, and Avoiding Plagiarism

Using Quotations and Avoiding Plagiarism

Using Paraphrase and Avoiding Plagiarism

Using Summary and Avoiding Plagiarism

*A Student Paper: A Response to Robert Pinsky’s “Shirt”

4 Writing across the Curriculum

*Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923)

Write to Learn Across the Curriculum

Use Summary to Distill a Text

A Student Paper: A Summary of Herman Melville’s “Bartleby, The Scrivener”

Use Analysis to Examine How the Parts Contribute to the Whole Explication

William Blake: “The Garden of Love” (1794)

Student Paper: An Explication of William Blake’s “The Garden of Love”

Card Report

Student Card Report on Flannery O’Connor’s “A Good Man Is Hard To Find”

Use a Synthesis to Show Relationships

Argument

Comparison and Contrast

Student Comparison-Contrast Paper on Beowulf

Use Critique to Bring in Your Own Evaluation Review

Find a Effective Approach to the Essay Exam

Sample Notes for a Student Essay Exam

A Student Essay Exam on Robert Frost’s “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”

5 Writing the Research Paper, Avoiding Plagiarism, and Documenting Sources

Langston Hughes, The Dream Keeper (1932)

Research Today

Elements in a Works Cited Entry: Books

Elements in a Works Cited Entry: Periodicals

Elements in a Works Cited Entry: Online Resources

What Information Requires Documentation?

Samples of Types of Information Requiring Documentation

Common Knowledge (Documentation Not Required)

Working with Sources to Avoid Plagiarism

Take Notes on Your Sources

Do Not Copy and Paste Directly into Your Paper Keep Bibliographical Information in a Running List of Your Sources

Tip: Avoiding Plagiarism and the Web

Choosing a Topic

Langston Hughes (1902–1967)

The Dream Keeper (1932)

Harlem (Dream Deferred) (1951)

Finding Reliable and Relevant Sources

Recognizing Signs of Unreliable Web Sites <5>Tip: Evaluating Web Sources

Using Visual Sources

Developing a Thesis

Creating a Plan

Drafting Your Paper

Drafting Body Paragraphs

Revising Your Draft

Draft Introductory Paragraph

Revised Introductory Paragraph

Draft Supporting Paragraph (Body)

Revised Supporting Paragraph (Body)

Draft Concluding Paragraph

Revised Concluding Paragraph

Editing and Formatting Your Paper

Box: Questions to Guide Editing

A Student Paper: A Research Paper on Langston Hughes

*New: Online Casebook: Writing from Reading

*Aesop, The Tortoise and the Hare (fable)

*Aesop, The Boy Who Cried Wolf (fable)

*The Gospel of St. Luke (parable)

*William Blake, “Holy Thursday” (poem)

*William Blake, “The Clod and the Pebble” (poem)

Herman Melville, “Bartleby the Scrivener” (short story)

PART 2: Fiction

6 Reading a Story for Its Elements

A First Reading

A Critical Reading

A Conversation on Writing with John Updike

John Updike, A&P (1961)

Story and History

What Reading Fiction Gives Us

Kate Chopin (1851–1904)

The Story of an Hour (1894)

Alice Munro (B. 1931)

An Ounce of Cure (1968)

Suggestions for Writing

7 Writing about Fiction

A Conversation on Writing with Jamaica Kincaid

Jamaica Kincaid, Girl (1983)

From Reading to Writing

Checklist for Writing

A Sample Student Essay in Progress

An Interactive Reading

Initial Response

Explore Your Ideas

Develop a Working Thesis

Create a Plan

Generate a First Draft

First Draft of a Student Paper

Writer’s Block

Revise Your Draft

Edit Your Sentences; Proofread and Format Your Paper

* Crafting Your Own Voice: Summary

Final Draft

A Student Paper: An Analysis of Jamaica

Kincaid’s “Girl”

Compiling a Writing Portfolio

8 Plot

A Conversation on Writing with T. Coraghessan Boyle

T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake (1985)

An Artful Arrangement of Incidents

Crafting Plot

James Joyce (1882–1941)

Araby (1914)

A Conversation on Writing with Joyce Carol Oates

*Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (1970)Richard Wright (1908-1960)*The Man Who Was Almost a Man (1940) Reading for PlotSuggestions for Writing about Plot

9 Character

A Conversation on Writing with Gish Jen

Gish Jen, Who’s Irish? (1999)

The Craft of Characterization

What You See Is What You Get

What’s in a Name?

The Clothes Make the Man (or Woman)

We Are What We (Repeatedly) Do

Can You Hear Me Now?

Round and Flat Characters

A History of Character

James Baldwin (1924–1987)

*Sonny’s Blues (1957)

Katherine Mans field (1888–1923)

*Miss Brill (1920)

Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980)

The Jilting of Granny Weatherall (1930)

Reading for Character

Suggestions for Writing about Character

10 Setting

Setting as Physical Environment

A Conversation on Writing with Barry Lopez

Barry Lopez, The Location of the River (1986)

Setting as Social Environment

Setting and Mood

Setting and Character

Regional Writers

Kate Chopin (1851–1904)

The Storm (c. 1899)

Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960)

*The Gilded Six-Bits (1933)


Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849)

*The Cask of Amontillado (1846)

Reading for Setting

Suggestions for Writing about Setting

11 Point of View

Narrator and Point of View

A Conversation on Writing with ZZ Packer

ZZ Packer, Brownies (1999)

A Participant, or First-Person, Narrator

A Nonparticipant, or Third-Person, Narrator

A Brief History of Point of View

The Second-Person Narrator

Junot Diaz (b. 1968)

How to Date a Browngirl, Blackgirl, Whitegirl, or Halfie (1995)

William Faulkner (1897–1962)

*A Rose for Emily (1932)

Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961)

*Hills Like White Elephants (1927)

Reading for Point of View

Suggestions for Writing about Point of View

12 Language, Tone, and Style

A Conversation on Writing with Aimee Bender

Aimee Bender, The Rememberer (1997)

Crafting Style and Tone

Style and Diction

Tone and Irony

A Brief History of Irony

Sherman Alexie (b. 1966)

*Indian Education (1993)

Flannery O’Connor (1925–1964)

*Good Country People (1955)

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860–1935)

The Yellow Wallpaper (1892)

Reading for Language, Tone, and Style

Suggestions for Writing about Language, Tone, and Style

13 Theme

A Conversation on Writing with Chimamanda Ngozi AdichieChimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Cell One (2007)

Craft and Theme

What Theme Is Not

What Theme Is

Themes Through Time

Identifying Themes

Stephen Crane (1871–1900)

The Open Boat: A Tale Intended to Be after the Fact: Being the Experience of Four Men from the Sunk Steamer Commodore (1897)

Jhumpa Lahiri (b. 1967)

Interpreter of Maladies (1999)

A Conversation on Writing with Amy Tan

*Two Kinds (1989)

Reading for Theme

Suggestions for Writing about Theme

14 Symbol

A Conversation on Writing with

Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried (1986)

Symbols in Everyday Life and Literature

Symbol and Allegory

The History of Symbolism

Recognizing and Appreciating Symbols

Louise Erdrich (b. 1954)

*The Red Convertible (1974)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864)

Young Goodman Brown (1835)

Eudora Welty (1909–2001)

*A Worn Path (1940)

Reading for Symbols

Suggestions for Writing about Symbolism

15 American Regionalism and Sense of Place

The American West

A Conversation on Writing with Dagoberto Gilb

*Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A. (1993)

John Steinbeck (1902–1968)

The Chrysanthemums (1938)

Leslie Marmon Silko (b. 1948)

The Man to Send Rain Clouds (1969)

The American South

William Faulkner (1897–1962)

Barn Burning (1939)

Flannery O’Connor (1925–1964)

A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955)

Ralph Ellison (1914–1994)

Battle Royal (1952)

Getting Started: A Research Project

Further Suggestions for Writing and Research

Some Sources for Research

16 An Anthology of Stories for Further Reading

Margaret Atwood (b. 1939)

Happy Endings (1983)

Toni Cade Bambara (1939–1995)

*The Lesson (1972)

Raymond Carver (1938–1988)

Cathedral (1984)

Anton Chekhov (1860–1904)

The Lady With The Pet Dog (1899)

Gabriel García Márquez (b. 1928)

*A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings: A Tale For Children (1972)

Shirley Jackson (1916–1965)

*The Lottery (1948)

D. H. Lawrence (1855–1930)

*The Rocking-Horse Winner (1933)

Ursula K. Le Guin (b. 1929)

The Kerastion (1994)

Alice Walker (b. 1944)

Everyday Use

*New: Online Casebooks: Fiction

*Interactive Casebook: Fiction into Film

*Excerpts from Anonymous, Beowulf

*Excerpt from the screenplay “Beowulf”

*Clips from the film (video)

Kevin J. Wanner, “Warriors, Wyrms, and Wyrd: The Paradoxical Fate of the Germanic Hero/King in Beowulf “ (criticism)

Ty Burr, “Behold ‘Beowulf’” (movie review)

Roger Avary and Neil Gaiman, Adapting Beowulf for the Movie (interview)

*Excerpt from Swift, Gulliver’s Travels

*Excerpt from the screenplay, “Gulliver’s Travels”

*Clips from the film (video)

*Ian Johnston, Lecture on Swift's Gulliver's Travels (criticism)

*Anders Wotzke, Gulliver’s Travels [2010] (review)

*F Scott Fitzgerald, “Curious Case of Benjamin Button”

*Excerpt from the screenplay, “Curious Case of Benjamin Button”

*Clips from the film (video)

*Todd McCarthy, “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” (review)

*Bob Seery, “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button” by F. Scott Fitzgerald

*Masters of Craft: Fiction

*Ambrose Bearce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge

*Willa Cather, Paul’s Case

*Colette, The Hand

*Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky

*Charles Dickens, Hard Times, an excerpt

*Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Minister’s Black Veil

*Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark

*O. Henry, Gift of the Magi

*Sara Orne Jewett, White Herons

*Jack London, To Build a Fire

*Edgar Allen Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart

Edgar Allen Poe, The Fall of the House of Usher

*Leo Tolstoy, Death of Ivan Ilyich

*Mark Twain, Jumping Frogs of Calaveras County

*New: Contemporary Voices: Fiction

*Danielle Evans, “before you suffocate your own fool self”

*Lauren Groff, “Delicate, Edible Birds”

*Tayari Jones, “Best Cousin”

*Michael Knight, “Dogfight”

*Valerie Laken, “Family Planning”

*Rattawut Lapcharoensap, “Draft Day”

*William Lychack, “Stolpestad”

*Anna Menendez, “Travelling Madness”

*Nami Mun, “Nothing About Love or Pity”

*Benjamin Percy, “The Roof People”

PART 3: Poetry

17 Reading a Poem in Its Elements

A First Reading: “Duffing into It”

A Conversation on Writing with Carolyn Forché

Carolyn Forché, The Museum of Stones (2007)

A Critical Reading

An Interactive Reading of “The Museum of Stones”

A Contextual Reading

An Interactive Reading of William Shakespeare’s “My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun”

The Craft of Poetry

Robert Burns (1759–1796)

O my luve’s like a red, red rose (1794)

Robert Hayden (1913–1980)

Those Winter Sundays (1962)

Sappho (c. 630–570 B.C.E.)

A Fragment (c. 600 B.C.E.)

William Wordsworth (1770–1850)

I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud (1804)

Elizabeth Alexander (b. 1962)

Emancipation (2005)

William Butler Yeats (1865–1939)

Sailing to Byzantium (1927)

Billy Collins (b. 1941)

*Introduction to Poetry (1996)

18 Writing about Poetry

A Conversation on Writing with Li-Young Lee

Two Poems by Li-Young Lee

Eating Alone (1986)

Eating Together (1986)

A Guide to Writing from Reading

A Sample Student Essay in Progress

Interact with the Reading

Initial Response

An Interactive Reading of “Eating Alone”

Explore Your Ideas

Freewriting

Journaling

Brainstorming

Develop a Thesis

Create a Plan for Your Paper

Outlining

Generate a First Draft

First Draft

Revise Your Draft

Second Draft

Edit and Format Your Paper

*Crafting Your Own Voice: Quotation

Final Draft

19 Types of Poetry

A Conversation on Writing with Stephen Mitchell [The Secret of Life] —from the Bhagavad Gita (“Love Song to God”) (c. 500–200 B.C.E.)

TYPES OF POETRY

LYRIC

Song of Solomon 4:1–7 [Behold, thou art fair, my love] —from the King James translation of the Bible

D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930)

Piano (1918)

William Butler Yeats (1865–1939)

Leda and the Swan (1924)

EPIC

George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788–1824)

[Bob Southey! You’re a poet] —from the Dedication to Don Juan (1819)

[I want a hero] —from Don Juan, Canto the First (1819)

DRAMATIC

Robert Browning (1812–1889)

My Last Duchess (1842)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861)

*When Our Two Souls

Robert Browning (1812–1889)

Love Among the Ruins (1855)

Pablo Neruda (1904–1973)

I Do Not Love You Except Because I Love You (1959)

Adrienne Rich (b. 1929)

Living in Sin (1955)

Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926)

Archaic Torso of Apollo (1908)

Rumi (c. 1207–1273)

Some Kiss We Want (c. mid-thirteenth century)

20 Words

A Conversation on Writing with Marie Howe

Marie Howe, What the Living Do(1997)

WORD CHOICE: VARIETIES OF DICTION

A Brief History of Poetic Diction

John Keats (1795–1821)

Ode on a Grecian Urn (1819)

W. H. Auden (1907–1973)

Funeral Blues (1940)

Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000)

We Real Cool(1960)

GENERAL VS. SPECIFIC LANGUAGE

William Shakespeare (1564–1616)

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? (1609)

Matthew Arnold (1822–1888)

Dover Beach (1867)

ALLUSION

Anthony Hecht (1923–2004)

The Dover Bitch (1967)

Philip Larkin (1922–1985)

Aubade (1980)

DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION

Elizabeth Bishop (1911–1979)

The Fish (1946)

James Wright (1927–1980)

A Blessing (1963)

WORD ORDER

Robert Frost (1874–1963)

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening (1923)

Wallace Stevens (1879–1955)

The Emperor of Ice-Cream (1923)

Lucille Clifton (1936–2010)

*Praise Song (2000)

Walt Whitman (1819–1892)

*I Hear America Singing (1860)

Reading for Words

Writing about Words

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Billy Collins (b. 1941)

The Names (2002)

e. e. cummings (1894–1962)

in Just- (1920)

John Donne (1572–1631)

A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning (1633)

Martin Espada (b. 1957)

*Why I Went to College (2001)

Naomi Shihab Nye (b. 1952)

The World in Translation (1995)

Leslie Marmon Silko (b. 1948)

*Love Poem (1970)

Kevin Young (b. 1970)

*Langston Hughes (2001)

21 Voice: Tone, Persona, and Irony

A Conversation on Writing with Stephen Dunn

Stephen Dunn, After (2002)

TONE

Randall Jarrell (1914–1965)

The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner (1945)

Theodore Roethke (1908–1963)

My Papa’s Waltz (1948)

Wallace Stevens (1879–1955)

Sunday Morning (1915)

Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672)

The Author to Her Book (1678)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Joy Harjo (b. 1951)

Morning Song (2001)

Gary Soto (b. 1952)

Mexicans Begin Jogging (1981)

William Stafford (1914–1993)

Traveling through the Dark (1962)

William Carlos Williams (1883–1963)

This Is Just to Say (1934)

PERSONA

Ben Jonson (1573–1637)

On My First Son (1616)

A HISTORY OF PERSONA

Sylvia Plath (1932–1963)

Daddy (1966)

Rita Dove (b. 1952)

Flash Cards(1989)

Walt Whitman (1819 –1892)

*O Captain! My Captain! (1865)

Ai (b. 1947)

Riot Act, April 29, 1992 (1993)

William Butler Yeats (1865–1939)

Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop (1932)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Christopher Marlowe (1564–1593)

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love (c. 1599)

Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849)

*The Raven (1845)

Anne Sexton (1928–1974)

*Cinderella (1971)

Natasha Trethewey (b. 1966)

Letter Home (2002)

IRONY

Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906)

To a Captious Critic (1901)

Wilfred Owen (1893–1918)

Dulce et Decorum Est(1920)

Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869–1935)

Richard Cory(1897)

Thomas Hardy (1840–1928)

The Convergence of the Twain (1912)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Stephen Crane (1871-1900)

*War Is Kind (1899)

e. e. cummings (1894–1962)

next to of course god america i (1926)

John Donne (1572–1631)

Song (1633)

Marge Piercy (b. 1949)

*Barbie Doll (1973)

Gil Scott-Heron (1949–2011)

The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (1970)

Reading for Voice

Writing about Voice

22 Imagery & Symbol

A Conversation on Writing with Jane Hirshfield

Two Poems by Jane Hirshfield

Tree (2000)

Button (2000)

Kobayashi Issa (1763–1827)

On a branch (c. 1800)

Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694)

*Heat Lightning Streak

Ezra Pound (1885–1972)

In a Station of the Metro (1916)

H.D. (Hilda Doolittle; 1886–1961)

Sea Poppies (1916)

William Carlos Williams (1883–1963)

The Red Wheelbarrow(1923)

Wallace Stevens (1879–1955)

Anecdote of the Jar (1923)

Allegory and Parable

Jane Kenyon (1947–1995)

The Blue Bowl (1990)

W. H. Auden (1907–1973)

Musée des Beaux Arts (1940)

Anne Carson (b. 1950)

Automat (2000)

Cathy Song (b. 1950)

Girl Powdering Her Neck (1983)

Rita Dove (b. 1952)

*Sonnet in Primary Colors

William Blake (1757–1827)

Songs of Innocence(1794): The Chimney Sweeper

Songs of Experience (1794): The Chimney Sweeper

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

William Blake (1757–1827)

The Sick Rose

Robert Bly (b. 1926)

Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter (1962)

George Herbert (1593–1633)

*The Altar

John Keats (1795–1821)

Ode to a Nightingale (1819)

Amy Lowell (1874–1925)

Patterns (1914)

Pablo Neruda (1904–1973)

*[Under the Net of Our Kisses] (1958)

Octavio Paz (1914–1998)

*Touch (1994)

Sylvia Plath (1932–1963)

*Lady Lazarus (1965)

Reading for Images and Symbols

Writing about Images and Symbols

23 Figures of Speech

A Conversation on Writing with Al Young

Al Young, Doo-Wop: The Moves (2006)

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943)

Sweet Like a Crow(1989)

SIMILE AND METAPHOR

A BRIEF HISTORY OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Margaret Atwood (b. 1939)

you fit into me (1971)

N. Scott Momaday (b. 1934)

*Simile (1974)

Sylvia Plath (1932–1963)

Metaphors (1960)

Linda Pastan (b. 1932)

Jump Cabling (1984)

HYPERBOLE AND UNDERSTATEMENT

Robert Frost (1874–1963)

Fire and Ice (1923)

SYNECDOCHE AND METONYMY

Henry Reed (1914–1986)

Naming of Parts (1946)

PERSONIFICATION AND APOSTROPHE

William Wordsworth (1770–1850)

Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 (1807)

William Blake (1757–1827)

Ah! Sun-flower (1793)

Gabriella Mistral (1889–1957)

Fugitive Woman (1954)

PARADOX AND OXYMORON

Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694)

Kyoto (c. 1680)

PUN

A. R. Ammons (1926–2001)

Their Sex Life (1991)

HUMOR

Lucille Clifton (1936-2010)

Homage to my hips (1991)

Dorothy Parker (1893–1967)

*One Perfect Rose (1923)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

John Ciardi (1916–1986)

Most Like an Arch This Marriage (1958)

e. e. cummings (1894–1962)

*she being Brand (1926)

John Keats (1795–1821)

To Autumn (1819)

Theodore Roethke (1908–1963)

Root Cellar (1948)

Sonia Sanchez (b. 1934)

*Rite On: White America (1970)

Carl Sandburg (1878–1967)

*Chicago (1916)

Walt Whitman (1819–1892)

A Noiseless Patient Spider (1891)

Reading for Figures of Speech

Writing about Figures of Speech

24 Sound, Rhyme, & Rhythm

A Conversation on Writing with Thomas Lynch

Thomas Lynch, Iambs for the Day of Burial (1998)

Anonymous

Western Wind (c. 1500)

SOUND

Old English Alliterative Verse

Seamus Heaney (b. 1939)

Digging(1966)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Lewis Carroll (1832–1898)

Jabberwocky (1871)

John Keats (1795–1821)

Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art (1838)

Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892–1950)

Only until this cigarette is ended (1921)

Christina Rossetti (1830–1894)

A Birthday (1861)

Dylan Thomas (1914–1953)

*Fern Hill (1946)

William Butler Yeats (1865–1939)

*The Lake Isle of Innisfree (1892)

RHYME

Anonymous

Sir Patrick Spence (1765)

Alexander Pope (1688–1744)

[True ease in writing comes from art, not chance] —from “An Essay on Criticism” (1711)

Marianne Moore (1887–1972)

The Fish (1921)

Emily Dickinson (1830–1886)

The difference between Despair(c. 1862)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Julia Alvarez (b. 1950)

Woman’s Work (1994)

William Blake (1757–1827)

The Tyger (1794)

George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788–1824)

She Walks in Beauty (1815)

Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906)

*We Wear the Mask (1895)

A. E. Housman (1859–1936)

When I was one-and-twenty (1896)

Marilyn Nelson (b. 1946)

Chopin (1989)

RHYTHM

Stresses and Pauses

Gwendolyn Brooks (1917–2000)

Sadie and Maud (1945)

*The Southeast Corner (1945)

*A Song in the Front Yard

METER

Scansion

Common Metrical Feet

Number of Feet per Line

Common Metric Patterns

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)

Trochee trips from long to short (1806)

METRICAL VARIATION

Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889)

Pied Beauty(1877)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Anonymous Scottish Ballad

Bonnie Barbara Allan (1750)

John Donne (1572–1631)

Hymn to God, My God, In My Sickness (1633)

Bob Dylan (b. 1941)

*The Times They Are a’Changing (1963)

John Keats (1795–1821)

La Belle Dame sans Merci (1819)

Audre Lorde (1934–1992)

The Electric Slide Boogie (1993)

Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849)

Annabel Lee (1849)

Reading for Sound, Rhyme, and Rhythm

Writing about Sound, Rhyme, and Rhythm

25 Fixed Poetic Forms

Conversation on Writing with Edward Hirsch

Edward Hirsch, My First Theology Lesson (2003)

Form, Fixed Form, Open Form

The Building Blocks of Form

THE SONNET

PETRARCHAN SONNET

Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861)

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways (1850)

John Keats (1795–1821)

On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer (1816)

SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET

William Shakespeare (1565–1616)

When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes (1609)

Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950)

*What lips these lips have kissed (1923)

The Sonnet’s World Tour

THE VILLANELLE

Dylan Thomas (1914–1953)

Do not go gentle into that good night (1952)

Elizabeth Bishop (1911–1979)

One Art (1976)

THE SESTINA

Elizabeth Bishop (1911–1979)

Sestina (1956)

THE PANTOUM

Erica Funkhouser (b. 1949)

First Pantoum of Summer(2003)

THE HAIKU

Matsuo Bashō(1644–1694)

Deep autumn (c. 1600)

THE EPIGRAM

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)

What Is an Epigram?(1802)

Langston Hughes (1902–1967)

Prayer(1955)

J. V. Cunningham (1911–1985)

Two Epigrams(1942)

A.R. Ammons (1926–2001)

Small Song (1970)

THE LIMERICK

Edward Lear (1812–1888)

There was an Old Man with a gong(1846)

J. D. Landis (b. 1942)

Starvation Diet (2008)

Laurence Perrine (b. 1915)

The limerick’s never averse(1982)

THE ELEGY

A.E. Housman (1859–1936)

To an Athlete Dying Young (1896)

W. H. Auden (1907–1973)

In Memory of W. B. Yeats (1940)

Theodore Roethke (1907–1973)

Elegy for Jane (1953)

THE ODE

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822)

Ode to the West Wind (1820)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Robert Browning (1812-1889)

*Porphyria’s Lover (1836)

Chaucer (1342-1400)

*The Canterbury Tales (c. 1369-1372): General Prologue

John Donne (1572-1631)

*Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God, for You (c. 1610)

H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) (1886-1961)

*Helen (1924)

Seamus Heaney (b. 1939)

Mid-Term Break (1966)

Andrew Hudgins (b.1951)

Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead (1991)

Dorianne Laux (b. 1952)

The Shipfitter’s Wife (1999)

John Milton (1608–1674)

When I consider how my light is spent (1655?)

Robert Pinsky (b. 1940)

Sonnet (1983)

William Wordsworth (1770–1850)

*Lines Written A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey, On Revisiting The Banks Of The Wye During A Tour, July 13, 1798.

William Butler Yeats (1865–1939)

The Second Coming (1921)

Reading for Fixed Forms

Writing about Fixed Forms

26 Open Form

A Conversation on Writing with Robert Hass

Robert Hass, Meditation at Lagunitas (1979)

Open Form Poetry

VERS LIBRE, FREE VERSE, AND OPEN FORM

Walt Whitman (1819–1892)

Song of Myself (1855)

Sherman Alexie (b. 1966)

Defending Walt Whitman (1996)

e. e. cummings (1894 –1962)

since feeling is first (1926)

Galway Kinnell (b. 1927)

After Making Love We Hear Footsteps (1980)

C. K. Williams (b. 1936)

Tar(1983)

Sharon Olds (b. 1942)

Sex without Love (1984)

VISUAL POETRY

George Herbert (1593–1633)

Easter Wings(1633)

John Hollander (b. 1929)

Swan and Shadow(1969)

Chen Li (b. 1954)

War Symphony (1995)

Dylan Thomas (1914–1953)

Vision and Prayer(1945)

PROSE POEMS

Carolyn Forché (b. 1950)

The Colonel (1982)

Garth Risk Halberg (b. 1978)

Divorce (2007)

FOR REVIEW AND FURTHER STUDY

Jimmy Santiago Baca (b. 1952)

Choices (1986)

Marilyn Chin (b. 1955)

Turtle Soup (1987)

Sandra Cisneros (b. 1954)

Pumpkin Eater (1994)

Allen Ginsberg (1926–1997)

A Supermarket in California (1955)

Lorna Goodison (b. 1947)

On Becoming a Tiger (2000)

D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930)

Snake (1921)

Denise Levertov (1923–1997)

The Ache of Marriage (1964)

Robert Lowell (1917-1977)

*For the Union Dead (1959)

Pat Mora (b. 1942)

*Immigrants (1986)

Alberto Álvaro Ríos (b. 1952)

Nani (1982)

Ezra Pound (1885–1972)

The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter (1915)

Gary Soto (b. 1952)

*Behind Grandma’s House (1985)

May Swenson (1919-1989)

*Women (1968)

Walt Whitman (1819-1892)

*When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer (1865)

James Wright (1927–1980)

Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio (1959)

Reading for Open Form

Writing about Open Form

27 Langston Hughes: A Case Study on Langston Hughes and His Contemporaries

The Harlem Renaissance

The New Culture of Harlem

“Negro Vogue”

Langston Hughes (1902–1967)

The Poetry of Langston Hughes

The Negro Speaks of Rivers (1921)

Mother to Son (1922)

Negro (1922)

I, Too (1925)

The Weary Blues (1925)

Po’ Boy Blues (1926)

Song for a Dark Girl (1927)

Let America Be America Again (1936)

A New Song (1938)

Ballad of the Landlord (1940)

Dream Boogie (1951)

Night Funeral In Harlem (1951)

Theme for English B (1951)

The Blues (1958)

The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain (1926)

Countee Cullen (1903–1946)

Incident (1925)

*For a Lady I Know (1925)

Helene Johnson (1907–1995)

Sonnet to a Negro in Harlem (1927)

Claude McKay (1889–1948)

*If We Must Die (1919)

*America (1922)

The White City (1922)

Jessie Redmon Fauset (1884–1961)

Touché (1927)

Jean Toomer (1894–1967)

Reapers(1923)

*Song of the Son

Angelina Weld Grimké (1880–1958)

Fragment (c. 1930)

Getting Started: A Research Project

Further Suggestions for Writing and Research

Some Sources for Research

Online Sources

Print Sources

28 American Plain Style: A Case Study on Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost

The Roots of American Plain Style

Emily Dickinson (1830–1886)

Success is counted sweetest (c. 1859)

I taste a liquor never brewed— (c. 1860)

Some keep the Sabbath going to Church— (c. 1860)

Safe in their Alabaster Chambers— (1861)

I like a look of Agony (c. 1861)

Wild Nights—