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Preface for Students
Preface for Instructors
Part 1. WRITING PROCESS
1 The Writing Situation
a Assessment
b Subject
c Purpose
d Audience
e Genre
2 Invention
a Keeping a journal
b Observing
c Freewriting
d Brainstorming
e Drawing
f Asking questions
3 Thesis and Organization
a Thesis statement
b Organization
4 Drafting
a Starting to draft
b Maintaining momentum
c Sample first draft
5 Revising
a Reading your work critically
b Revising collaboratively
c Writing a title
d Sample revision
6 Editing, Formatting, and Proofreading
a Editing the revised draft
b Formatting and proofreading
c SAMPLE FINAL DRAFT
d Preparing a writing portfolio
7 Paragraphs
a Relating paragraphs in the essay
b Unity
c Coherence
d Development
e Introductions and conclusions
8 Presenting Writing
a Academic writing
b Visuals and other media
c Web writing
SAMPLE HOME PAGE
SAMPLE BLOG POST
Part 2. WRITING IN AND OUT OF COLLEGE
9 Academic Writing
a Purpose and audience
b Genre
c Structure and content
d Using sources with integrity
e Academic language
f Communicating in an academic setting
10 Critical Reading and Writing
a Techniques of critical reading
b Summarizing
c Critical response
d Viewing visuals critically
11 Argument
a Elements of argument
b Reasonableness
c Organization
d Visual arguments
e SAMPLE ARGUMENT
12 Essay Exams
a Preparing
b Planning
c Starting
d Developing
e Rereading
13 Oral Presentations
a Organization
b Delivery
14 Public Writing
a Social media
b Business letters
SAMPLE LETTER AND RÉSUMÉS
c Job applications
SAMPLE MEMO AND REPORT
d Memos, reports, and proposals
SAMPLE FLYER AND NEWSLETTERS
e Community work
Part 3. CLARITY AND STYLE
15 Emphasis
a Effective subjects and verbs
b Sentence beginnings and endings
c Coordination
d Subordination
16 Parallelism
a With and, but, or, nor, yet
b With both…and, not…but, etc.
c In comparisons
d With lists, headings, and outlines
17 Variety and Details
a Sentence length
b Sentence structure
c Details
18 Appropriate and Exact Language
a Appropriate language
b Exact language
19 Completeness
a Compounds
b Needed words
20 Conciseness
a Focusing on subject and verb
b Cutting empty words
c Cutting repetition
d Reducing modifiers
e Revising there is or it is
f Combining sentences
g Rewriting jargon
Part 4. SENTENCE PARTS AND PATTERNS
Basic Grammar
21 Parts of Speech
a Nouns
b Pronouns
c Verbs
d Adjective and adverbs
e Connecting words: prepositions and conjunctions
f Interjections
22 The Sentence
a Subject and predicate
b Predicate patterns
23 Phrases and Subordinate Clauses
a Phrases
b Subordinate clauses
24 Sentence Types
a Simple sentences
b Compound sentences
c Complex sentences
d Compound-complex sentences
Verbs
25 Forms
a Sing/sang/sung and other irregular verbs
d Sit/set, lie/lay, rise/raise
c -s and -ed forms
d Be, have, and other helping verbs
e Verbs + gerund or infinitive: stop eating vs. stop to eat
f Verb + participle: look up, look over, etc.
26 Tenses
a Present tense: sing
b Perfect tense: have/had/will have sung
c Progressive tenses: is/was/will be singing
d Consistency
e Sequence
27 Mood
a Subjunctive: I wish I were
b Consistency
28 Voice
a She wrote it (active)
b It was written (passive)
c Consistency
29 Subject-Verb Agreement
a -s and -es endings
b Intervening words
c Subjects with and
d Subjects with or or nor
e Everyone and other indefinite pronouns
f Team and other collective nouns
g Who, which, that as subjects
h News and other singular nouns ending in -s
i Verb preceding subjects
j Is, are, and other linking verbs
k Titles and words being defined
Pronouns
30 Case
a She and I vs. her and me
b It was she
c Who vs. whom
e Other constructions
31 Pronoun-Antecedent
a Antecedents with and
b Antecedent with or or nor
c Everyone, person, and other indefinite words
d Team and other collective nouns
32 Pronoun Reference
a Clear reference
b Close reference
c Specific reference
d Appropriate you
e Consistency
Modifiers
33 Adjectives and Adverbs
a Adjectives vs. adverb
b Adjective with linking verb: felt bad
c Comparatives (bigger) and superlatives (biggest)
d Double negatives
e Present and past participles: boring vs. bored
f A, an, the, and other determiners
34 Modifier and Dangling Modifiers
a Misplaced modifiers
b Dangling modifiers
Sentence Faults
35 Fragments
a Tests
b Revision
c Acceptable fragments
36 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
a Main clauses without and, but, etc.
b Main clauses with however, for example, etc.
37 Mixed Sentences
a Reason is because and other mixed meanings
b Tangled grammar
c Repeated subjects and other parts
Part 5. PUNCTUATION
38 End Punctuation
a Period
b Question mark
c Exclamation point
39 The Comma
a Main clauses with and, but, etc.
b Introductory elements
c Nonessential elements
d Items in a series
e Two or more adjectives
f Dates, addresses, place names, long numbers
g She said, etc., with quotations
h Misuses
1 Between subject-verb, verb-object, preposition-object
2 In compound subject, predicate, etc.
3 After conjunction
4 Around essential elements
5 Around series
6 Before indirect quotation
40 The Semicolon
a Main clauses without and, but, etc.
b Main clauses with however, for example, etc.
c Main clauses or series items with commas
d Misuses
41 The Colon
a Concluding explanation, series, etc.
b Salutation of business letter, title and subtitle, divisions of time
c Misuses
42 The Apostrophe
a Possession
b Misuses
1 Plural nouns: Joneses, not Jones’
2 Singular verbs: makes, not make’s
3 Possessive personal pronouns: its, not it’s
4 Contractions
5 Plural abbreviations, etc.
43 Quotation Marks
a Direct quotations
b Quotation within quotation
c Dialog
d Titles of works
e Words used in a special sense
f Misuses
g With other punctuation
44 Other Marks
a Dash or dashes
b Parentheses
c Ellipsis mark
d Brackets
e Slash
Part 6. SPELLING AND MECHANICS
45 Spelling and the Hyphen
a Typical spelling problems
b Spelling rules
c The hyphen
46 Capital Letters
a First word of sentence
b Proper nouns and adjectives
c Titles and subtitles of words
d Online communication
47 Italics or Underlining
a Titles of works
b Ships, aircraft, spacecraft, trains
c Foreign words
d Words or characters names as words
e Emphasis
f Online communication
48 Abbreviations
a Titles before and after proper names
b Familiar abbreviations and acronyms
c BC, BCE, AD, CE, AM, PM, no., $
d Latin abbreviations
e Inc., Bros., Co., &
f Units of measurement, names, etc.
49 Numbers
a Numerals vs. words
b Dates, addresses, etc.
c Beginning sentences
Part 7. RESEARCH WRITING
50 Research Strategy
a Planning
b Research journal
c Researchable subject and question
d Goals for sources
e Working, annotated bibliography
SAMPLE ENTRY FOR AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
51 Finding Sources
a Your library’s Web site
b Searching electronically
c Reference works
d Books
e Periodicals
f The Web
g Social media
h Government publications
i Visals, audio, and video
j Your own sources
52 Working with Sources
a Evaluating sources
b Synthesizing sources
c Gathering information
d Using summary, paraphrase, and quotation
e Integrating sources
53 Avoiding Plagiarism
a Deliberate and accidental plagiarism
b What not to acknowledge
c What must be acknowledged
d Obtaining permission
54 Documenting Sources
a Discipline styles for documentation
b Bibliography software
55 Writing the Paper
a Focusing and organizing
b Drafting, revising, editing, and formatting
56 Reading and Writing about Literature
a Methods and evidence
b Writing assignments
c Tools and language
d Documentation and format
e SAMPLE LITERARY ANALYSIS
57 Writing in Other Disciplines
a Humanities
b Social sciences
c Natural and applied sciences
58 MLA Documentation and Format
Indexes to models
a Parenthetical text citations
b List of works cited
c Format of paper
d SAMPLE MLA PAPER
59 APA Documentation and Format
Indexes to models
a Parenthetical text citations
b List of references
c Format of paper
d SAMPLE APA PAPER
60 Chicago Documentation
Index to models
a Notes and bibliography entries
b Models
61 CSE Documentation
Index to models
a Name-year text citations
b Numbered text citations
c List of references
GLOSSARY OF USAGE
INDEX
CULTURE-LANGUAGE GUIDE