About the Authors Brief Contents Preface
Chapter 1: Mass Communication: A Critical Approach Culture and the Evolution of Mass Communication Oral and Written Eras in Communication The Print Revolution The Electronic Era The Digital Era The Linear Model of Mass Communication A Cultural Model for Understanding Mass Communication
The Development of Media and Their Role in Our Society The Evolution of Media: From Emergence to Convergence Media Convergence Stories: The Foundation of Media The Power of Media Stories in Everyday Life
Surveying the Cultural Landscape EXAMINING ETHICS Covering War Culture as a Skyscraper
CASE STUDY The Sleeper Curve Culture as a Map Cultural Values of the Modern Period Shifting Values in Postmodern Culture
Critiquing Media and Culture Media Literacy and the Critical Process
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Benefits of a Critical Perspective
GLOBAL VILLAGE Bedouins, Camels, Transistors, and Coke CHAPTER REVIEW
PART 1: DIGITAL MEDIA AND CONVERGENCE Chapter 2: The Internet, Digital Media, and Media Convergence The Development of the Internet and the Web The Birth of the Internet The Net Widens The Commercialization of the Internet
The Web Goes Social What is Social Media? Types of Social Media Social Media and Democracy
EXAMINING ETHICS The "Anonymous" Hackers of the Internet Convergence and Mobile Media Media Converges on Our PCs and TVs Mobile Devices Propel Convergence The Impact of Media Convergence and Mobile Media The Next Era: The Semantic Web
The Economics and Issues of the Internet Ownership: Controlling the Internet
GLOBAL VILLAGE Designed in California, Assembled in China Targeted Advertising and Data Mining
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Search Engines and the Critical Process Security: The Challenge to Keep Personal Information Private Appropriateness: What Should Be Online? Access: The Fight to Prevent a Digital Divide Net Neutrality: Maintaining an Open Internet Alternative Voices
The Internet and Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 3: Digital Gaming and the Media Playground The Development of Digital Gaming Mechanical Gaming The First Video Games Arcades and Classic Games Consoles and Advancing Graphics Gaming on Home Computers
The Internet Transforms Gaming MMORPGs, Virtual Worlds, and Social Gaming Convergence: From Consoles to Mobile Gaming
The Media Playground CASE STUDY Thoughts of Video Game Narrative Video Game Genres Communities of Play: Inside the Game Communities of Play: Outside the Game
Trends and Issues in Digital Gaming Electronic Gaming and Media Culture Benefits of a Critical Perspective Electronic Gaming and Advertising Addiction and Other Concerns
GLOBAL VILLAGE BOX South Korea’s Gaming Obsession MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS First-Person-Shooter Games Regulating Gaming The Future of Gaming and Interactive Environments
The Business of Digital Gaming The Ownership and Organization of Digital Gaming The Structure of Digital Game Publishing Selling Digital Games Alternative Voices
Digital Gaming, Free Speech, and Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW
PART 2: SOUNDS AND IMAGES Chapter 4: Sound Recording and Popular Music The Development of Sound Recording From Cylinders to Disks: Sound Recording Becomes a Mass Medium From Phonographs to CDs: Analog Goes Digital Convergence: Sound Recording in the Internet Age The Rocky Relationship between Records and Radio
U.S. Popular Music and the Formation of Rock The Rise of Pop Music Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay Rock Muddies the Waters Battles in Rock and Roll
A Changing Industry: Reformations in Popular Music The British Are Coming! Motor City Music: Detroit Gives America Soul Folk and Psychedelic Music Reflect the Times
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Music Preferences across Generations Punk, Grunge, and Alternative Respond to Mainstream Rock Hip-Hop Redraws Musical Lines The Reemergence of Pop
The Business of Sound Recording TRACKING TECHNOLOGY The Song Machine: The Hitmakers behind Rihanna CASE STUDY In the Jungle, the Unjust Jungle, a Small Victory Alternative Voices
Sound Recording, Free Expression, and Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 5: Popular Radio and the Origins of Broadcasting Early Technology and The Development of Radio Maxwell and Hertz Discover Radio Waves Marconi and the Inventors of Wireless Telegraphy Wireless Telephony: De Forest and Fessenden Regulating a New Medium
The Evolution of Radio The RCA Partnership Unravels Sarnoff and NBC: Building the "Blue" and "Red" Networks Government Scrutiny Ends RCA-NBC Monopoly CBS and Paley: Challenging NBC Bringing Order to Chaos with the Radio Act of 1927 The Golden Age of Radio
Radio Reinvents Itself Transistors Make Radio Portable The FM Revolution and Edwin Armstrong The Rise of Format and Top 40 Radio
CASE STUDY Host: The Origins of Talk Radio Resisting the Top 40
The Sounds of Commercial Radio Format Specialization Nonprofit Radio and NPR Global Village: Radio Mogadishu
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Comparing Commercial and Noncommercial Radio New Radio Technologies Offer More Stations Radio and Convergence
The Economics of Broadcast Radio Local and National Advertising Manipulating Playlists with Payola Radio Ownership: From Diversity to Consolidation Alternative Voices
Radio and The Democracy of The Airways CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 6: Television & Cable: The Power of Visual Culture
The Origins and Development of Television
Early Innovations in TV Technology Controlling Content TV—Grows Up
The Development of Cable
CATV—Community Antenna Television
The Wires and Satellites behind Cable Television Cable Threatens Broadcasting Cable Services
CASE STUDY ESPN: Sports and Stories DBS: Cable without Wires Technology and Third Screens Change Viewing Habits Home Video The Third Screen: TV Converges with the Internet Fourth Screens: Smartphones and Mobile Video
Major Programming Trends TV Entertainment: Our Comic Culture TV Entertainment: Our Dramatic Culture TV Information: Our Daily News Culture Reality TV and Other Enduring Trends MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS TV and the State of Storytelling Public Television Struggles to Find its Place
Regulatory Challenges to Television and Cable Government Regulations Temporarily Restrict Network Control Balancing Cable’s Growth against Broadcasters’ Interests Franchising Frenzy The Telecommunications Act of 1996 The Economies and Ownership of Television and Cable Production Distribution Syndication Keeps Shows Going and Going . . . Measuring Television Viewing The Major Programming Corporations
TRACKING TECHNOLOGY Streaming Dreams: YouTube Turns Pro Alternative Voices
Television, Cable, and Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 7: Movies and the Impact of Images Early Technology and The Evolution of Movies The Development of Film The Introduction of Narrative The Arrival of Nickelodeons
The Rise of the Hollywood Studio System Production Distribution Exhibition
The Studio System’s Golden Age Hollywood Narrative and the Silent Era The Introduction of Sound The Development of the Hollywood Style
CASE STUDY Breaking through Hollywood’s Race Barrier Outside the Hollywood System
GLOBAL VILLAGE Beyond Hollywood: Asian Cinema The Transition of the Studio System The Hollywood Ten The Paramount Decision Moving to the Suburbs Television Changes Hollywood Hollywood Adapts to Home Entertainment
The Economics of the Movie Business Production, Distribution, and Exhibition Today
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Blockbuster Mentality The Major Studio Players Convergence: Movies Adjust to the Internet Age Alternative Voices
Popular Movies and Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW
PART 3: WORDS AND PICTURES Chapter 8: Newspapers: The Rise and Decline of Modern Journalism The Evolution of American Newspapers Colonial Newspapers and the Partisan Press The Penny Press Era: Newspapers Become Mass Media The Age of Yellow Journalism: Sensationalism and Investigation
Competing Models of Modern Print Journalism "Objectivity" in Modern Journalism Interpretive Journalism Literary Forms of Journalism Contemporary Journalism in the TV and Internet Age
The Business and Ownership of Newspapers Consensus vs. Conflict: Newspapers Play Different Roles
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Covering Business and Economic News Newspapers Target Specific Readers Newspaper Operations
CASE STUDY Alternative Journalism: Dorothy Day and I.F. Stone Newspaper Ownership: Chains Lose Their Grip Joint Operating Agreements Combat Declining Competition
Challenges Facing Newspapers Today Readership Declines in the United States Going Local: How Small and Campus Papers Retain Readers Blogs Challenge Newspapers’ Authority Online
GLOBAL VILLAGE For U.S. Newspaper Industry, an Example in Germany? Convergence: Newspapers Struggle in the Move to Digital New Models for Journalism Alternative Voices
Newspaper and Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 9: Magazines in the Age of Specialization The Early History of Magazines The First Magazines Magazines in Colonial America U.S. Magazines in the Nineteenth Century National, Women’s and Illustrated Magazines
The Development of Modern American Magazines Social Reform and Muckrakers The Rise of General-Interest Magazines
CASE STUDY The Evolution of Photojournalism The Fall of General-Interest Magazines Convergence: Magazines Confront the Digital Age
The Domination of Specialization TRACKING TECHNOLOGY The New "Touch" of Magazines Men’s and Women’s Magazines Sports, Entertainment, and Leisure Magazines Magazines for the Ages Elite Magazines
MEDIA LITERACY BOX Uncovering American Beauty Minority-Targeted Magazines Supermarket Tabloids
The Organization and Economics of Magazines Magazine Departments and Duties Major Magazine Chains Alternative Voices
Magazines in a Democratic Society CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 10: Books and the Power of Print The History of Books from Papyrus to Paperbacks The Development of Manuscript Culture The Innovations of Block-Printing and Movable Type The Gutenberg Revolution: The Invention of the Printing Press The Birth of Publishing in the United States
Modern Publishing and the Book Industry The Formation of Publishing Houses Types of Books
CASE STUDY Comic Books: Alternative Themes, but Superheroes Prevail Trends and Issues in Book Publishing Influences of Television and Film Audio Books Convergence: Books in the Digital Age Preserving and Digitizing Books
TRACKING TECH Did Publishers and Apple Collude Against Amazon? Censorship and Banned Books
MEDIA LITERCY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Banned Books and "Family Values" The Organization and Ownership of the Book Industry Ownership Patterns The Structure of Book Publishing Selling Books, Stores, Clubs, and Mail Order Alternative Voices
Books and the Future of Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW
PART 4: THE BUSINESS OF MASS MEDIA Chapter 11: Advertising and Commercial Culture Early Developments in American Advertising The First Advertising Agencies Advertising in the 1800s Promoting Social Change and Dictating Values Early Ad Regulation
The Shape of U.S. Advertising Today The Influence of Visual Design Types of Advertising Agencies The Structure of Ad Agencies Trends in Online Advertising
Persuasive Techniques in Contemporary Advertising Conventional Persuasive Strategies The Association Principle
CASE STUDY Idiots and Objects: Stereotyping in Advertising Advertising as Myth Product Placement
EXAMINING ETHICS Brand Integration, Everywhere MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS The Branded You Commercial Speech and Regulating Advertising Critical Issues in Advertising
GLOBAL VILLAGE Smoking Up the Global Market Watching Over Advertising Alternative Voices
Advertising, Politics, and Democracy Advertising’s Role in Politics The Future of Advertising CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 12: Public Relations and Framing Message Early Developments in Public Relations P.T. Barnum and Buffalo Bill Big Business and Press Agents The Birth of Modern Public Relations
The Practice of Public Relations Approaches to Organized Public Relations Performing Public Relations
CASE STUDY Social Media Transform the Press Release EXAMINING ETHICS What Does It Mean to be Green? Public Relations Adapts to the Internet Age Public Relations during a Crisis
Tensions between Public Relations and the Press Elements of Professional Friction Shaping the Image of Public Relations Alternative Voices
Public Relations and Democracy MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS The Invisible Hand of PR CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 13: Media Economics and the Global Marketplace Analyzing the Media Economy The Structure of the Media Industry The Performance of Media Organizations
The Transition to an Information Economy Deregulation Trumps Regulation Media Powerhouses: Consolidation, Partnerships, and Mergers Business Tendencies in Media Industries Economics, Hegemony, and Storytelling
Specialization and Global Markets The Rise of Specialization and Synergy
CASE STUDY Minority and Female Media Ownership: Why Does it Matter? Disney: A Postmodern Media Conglomerate Global Audiences Expand Media Markets The Internet and Convergence Change the Game
Social Issues in Media Economics MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Cultural Imperialism and Movies CASE STUDY From fifty to a Few: The Most Dominant Media Corporations The Limits of Antitrust Laws The Fallout from a Free Market Cultural Imperialism
The Media Marketplace and Democracy The Effects of Media Consolidation on Democracy The Media Reform Movement CHAPTER REVIEW
PART 5: DEMOCRATIC EXPRESSION AND THE MASS MEDIA Chapter 14: The Culture of Journalism: Values, Ethics, and Democracy Modern Journalism in the Information Age What Is News? Values in American Journalism
Ethics and the News Media CASE STUDY Bias in the News Ethical Predicaments Resolving Ethical Problems
Reporting Rituals and the Legacy of Print Journalism Focusing on the Present
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Telling Stories and Covering Disaster Relying on Experts Balancing Story Conflict Acting as Adversaries xx
Journalism in the Age of TV and the Internet Differences between Print and TV News Pundits, "Talking Heads," and Politics Convergence Enhances and Changes Journalism The Power of Visual Language
Alternative Models: Public Journalism and "Fake" News The Public Journalism Movement
GLOBAL VILLAGE Why Isn’t Al Jazeera English on More U.S. TV Systems? "Fake" News and Satiric Journalism
Democracy and Reimagining Journalism’s Role Social Responsibility Deliberative Democracy
EXAMINING ETHICS Wikileaks, Secret Documents, and Good Journalism? CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 15: Media Effects and Cultural Approaches to Research Early Media Research Methods Propaganda Analysis Public Opinion Research Social Psychology Studies Marketing Research
CASE STUDY The Effects of TV in a Post-TV World Research on Media Effects Early Theories of Media Effects Conducting Media Effects Research
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS First-Person Shooter Games: Misogyny as Entertainment? Contemporary Media Effects Theories Evaluating Research on Media Effects
Cultural Approaches to Media Research Early Developments in Cultural Studies Research Conducting Cultural Studies Research
CASE STUDY Labor Gets Framed Cultural Studies’ Theoretical Perspectives Evaluating Cultural Studies Research
Media Research and Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW
Chapter 16: Legal Controls and Freedom of Expression The Origins of Free Expression and a Free Press Models of Expression The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution Censorship as Prior Restraint Unprotected Forms of Expression
MEDIA LITERACY AND THE CRITICAL PROCESS Who Knows the First Amendment?
CASE STUDY Is "Sexting" Pornography?
The First Amendment versus Sixth Amendment
Film and the First Amendment Social and Political Pressures on the Movies Self-Regulation in the Movie Industry The MPAA Ratings System
Expression in the Media: Print, Broadcast, and Online The FCC Regulates Broadcasting Dirty Words, Indecent Speech, and Hefty Fines Political Broadcasts and Equal Opportunity The Demise of the Fairness Doctrine Communication Policy and the Internet
EXAMINING ETHICS A Generation of Copyright Criminals? The First Amendment and Democracy CHAPTER REVIEW Extended Case Study: Our Digital World and The Self-Invasion of Privacy Step 1: Description Step 2: Analysis Step 3: Interpretation Step 4: Evaluation Step 5: Engagement Notes Glossary Index
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