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Summary
Table of Contents
1. Scientific Understanding of BehaviorUses of Research Methods
The Scientific Approach
Goals of Science
Basic and Applied Research
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
2. Where to StartHypotheses and Predictions?
Who We Study: A Note on Terminology
Source of Ideas
Library Research
anatomy of a Research Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
3. Ethical Researchmilgram's Obedience Experiment
The Belmont Report>/h4>Assessment of Risks and Benefits
Informed Consent
The Importance of Debriefing
Alternatives to Deception
Justice and the Selection of Participants
Researcher Commitments
Federal Regulations and the Institutional Review Board
APA Ethics Code
Research with Human Participants
Ethics and Animal Research
Risks and Benefits Revisited
Misrepresentation: Fraud and Plagiarism
Ethical Issues: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
4. Studying Behavior
Validity: An Introduction VariablesOperational Definitions of VariablesRelationships Between VariablesNonexperimental Versus Experimental MethodsIndependent and Dependent VariablesInternal Validity: Inferring CausalityExternal ValidityChoosing a MethodEvaluating Research: Summary of the Three ValiditiesStudying Behavior: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Reliability of MeasuresConstruct Validity of MeasuresResearch on Personality and Individual DifferencesReactivity of MeasuresVariables and Measurement ScalesMeasurement Concepts: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
6. Observational Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachesNaturalistic ObservationSystematic ObservationCase StudiesArchival ResearchObservational Methods: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Hypotheses and Predictions?
Who We Study: A Note on Terminology
Source of Ideas
Library Research
anatomy of a Research Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
3. Ethical Researchmilgram's Obedience Experiment
The Belmont Report>/h4>Assessment of Risks and Benefits
Informed Consent
The Importance of Debriefing
Alternatives to Deception
Justice and the Selection of Participants
Researcher Commitments
Federal Regulations and the Institutional Review Board
APA Ethics Code
Research with Human Participants
Ethics and Animal Research
Risks and Benefits Revisited
Misrepresentation: Fraud and Plagiarism
Ethical Issues: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
4. Studying Behavior
Validity: An Introduction VariablesOperational Definitions of VariablesRelationships Between VariablesNonexperimental Versus Experimental MethodsIndependent and Dependent VariablesInternal Validity: Inferring CausalityExternal ValidityChoosing a MethodEvaluating Research: Summary of the Three ValiditiesStudying Behavior: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Assessment of Risks and Benefits
Informed Consent
The Importance of Debriefing
Alternatives to Deception
Justice and the Selection of Participants
Researcher Commitments
Federal Regulations and the Institutional Review Board
APA Ethics Code
Research with Human Participants
Ethics and Animal Research
Risks and Benefits Revisited
Misrepresentation: Fraud and Plagiarism
Ethical Issues: Illustrative Article
Study Terms
Review Questions
Activity Questions
Answers
4. Studying Behavior
Validity: An Introduction VariablesOperational Definitions of VariablesRelationships Between VariablesNonexperimental Versus Experimental MethodsIndependent and Dependent VariablesInternal Validity: Inferring CausalityExternal ValidityChoosing a MethodEvaluating Research: Summary of the Three ValiditiesStudying Behavior: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Operational Definitions of VariablesRelationships Between VariablesNonexperimental Versus Experimental MethodsIndependent and Dependent VariablesInternal Validity: Inferring CausalityExternal ValidityChoosing a MethodEvaluating Research: Summary of the Three ValiditiesStudying Behavior: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Nonexperimental Versus Experimental MethodsIndependent and Dependent VariablesInternal Validity: Inferring CausalityExternal ValidityChoosing a MethodEvaluating Research: Summary of the Three ValiditiesStudying Behavior: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Internal Validity: Inferring CausalityExternal ValidityChoosing a MethodEvaluating Research: Summary of the Three ValiditiesStudying Behavior: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Choosing a MethodEvaluating Research: Summary of the Three ValiditiesStudying Behavior: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Studying Behavior: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Review QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
5. Measurement Concepts
Answers
5. Measurement ConceptsReliability of MeasuresConstruct Validity of MeasuresResearch on Personality and Individual DifferencesReactivity of MeasuresVariables and Measurement ScalesMeasurement Concepts: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
6. Observational Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachesNaturalistic ObservationSystematic ObservationCase StudiesArchival ResearchObservational Methods: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Research on Personality and Individual DifferencesReactivity of MeasuresVariables and Measurement ScalesMeasurement Concepts: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
6. Observational Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachesNaturalistic ObservationSystematic ObservationCase StudiesArchival ResearchObservational Methods: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Variables and Measurement ScalesMeasurement Concepts: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
6. Observational Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachesNaturalistic ObservationSystematic ObservationCase StudiesArchival ResearchObservational Methods: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Study TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
6. Observational Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachesNaturalistic ObservationSystematic ObservationCase StudiesArchival ResearchObservational Methods: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Activity Questions
6. Observational Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative ApproachesNaturalistic ObservationSystematic ObservationCase StudiesArchival ResearchObservational Methods: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Systematic ObservationCase StudiesArchival ResearchObservational Methods: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Archival ResearchObservational Methods: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Why Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Study TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Answers
7. Asking People About Themselves: Survey Research
Activity Questions
AnswersWhy Conduct Surveys?Constructing Questions to AskResponses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Responses to Questions Finalizing the Questionnaire Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Administering SurveysSurvey Designs to Study Changes Over TimeSampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Sampling From a PopulationSampling TechniquesEvaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Evaluating SamplesReasons for Using Convenience SamplesSurvey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Survey Research: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Review QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Answers
8. Experimental Design
Confounding and Internal ValidityBasic ExperimentsAssigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Assigning Participants to Experimental ConditionsIndependent Groups Design Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Repeated Measures DesignMatched Pairs DesignExperimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Experimental Design: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Review QuestionsActivity Questions
9. Conducting Experiments
Selecting Research ParticipantsManipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Manipulating the Independent VariableMeasuring the Dependent VariableAdditional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Additional ControlsAdditional ConsiderationsAnalyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Analyzing and Interpreting ResultsCommunicating Research to OthersConducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Conducting Experiments: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Review QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Answers
10. Complex Experimental Designs
Increasing the Number of Levels of an Independent VariableIncreasing the Number of Independent Variables: Factorial DesignsIllustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Illustrative Article: Complex Experimental DesignsStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Review QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Answers
11. Quasi-Experimental and Single-Participant Designs
Single Case Experimental DesignsProgram EvaluationQuasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Quasi-Experimental DesignsDevelopmental Research DesignsIllustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Review QuestionsActivity Questions
12. Understanding Research Results: Description and Correlation
Scales of Measurement: A Review
Analyzing the Results of Research InvestigationsFrequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Frequency DistributionsDescriptive StatisticsGraphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Graphing RelationshipsCorrelation Coefficients: Describing the Strength of RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
RelationshipsEffect SizeRegression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Regression EquationsMultiple Correlation / RegressionPartial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Partial Correlation and the Third-Variable ProblemStructural Equation ModelingStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Study TermsReview QuestionsActivity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Activity QuestionsAnswers
13. Understanding Research Results: Statistical Inference
Samples and PopulationsInferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Inferential StatisticsNull and Research HypothesesProbability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Probability and Sampling DistributionsExample: The T and F TestsType I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Type I and Type Ii ErrorsChoosing a Significance LevelInterpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Interpreting Nonsignificant ResultsChoosing a Sample Size: Power AnalysisThe Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
The Importance of ReplicationsSignificance of a Pearson R Correlation CoefficientComputer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Computer Analysis of DataSelecting the Appropriate Statistical TestStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Study TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Activity Questions
14. Generalizing Results
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research ParticipantsCultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Cultural Considerations Generalizing to Other ExperimentersPretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Pretests and GeneralizationGeneralizing from Laboratory SettingsThe Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
The Importance of ReplicationsEvaluating Generalizations Via Literature Reviews and Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Meta-AnalysesUsing Research to Improve LivesGeneralizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Generalizing Results: Illustrative ArticleStudy TermsReview QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Review QuestionsActivity Questions
Appendix A: Writing Research Reports
Introduction
Writing StyleOrganization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Organization of the ReportThe Use of HeadingsCiting and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Citing and Referencing SourcesAbbreviationsSome Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Some Grammatical ConsiderationsReporting Numbers and StatisticsConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
ConclusionPaper and Poster PresentationsSample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Sample Paper
Appendix B: Statistical Tests
Descriptive StatisticsStatistical Significance and Effect Size
Appendix C: Statistical TablesTable C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Table C.1 Critical Values of Chi-SquareTable C.2 Critical Values of TTable C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Table C.3 Critical Values of FTable C.4 Critical Values of R (Pearson Product–Moment Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Correlation Coefficient)
Glossary References Credits Index
Credits Index
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