| Preface |
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xii | |
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Chapter 1 History and Overview |
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1 | (18) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Experimental Psychology, Psychiatry, and Ethology |
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8 | (3) |
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Behavioral Genetics, Sociobiology, and Evolutionary Psychology |
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11 | (2) |
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Neuroscience and Endocrinology |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 The Evolution of Motivation and Emotion |
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19 | (22) |
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Evolution Is Evident in Common Observations |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (9) |
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Imperatives of Survival and Reproduction |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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Inclusive Fitness Maximization: The Ultimate Motivator |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (10) |
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Chapter 3 Genetics, Learning, and Development |
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41 | (23) |
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Innate versus Learned Behavior |
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41 | (8) |
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Species-characteristic Stereotyped Behavior |
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43 | (2) |
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Simple Learning Mechanisms |
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45 | (3) |
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Complex Learning, Cognition, and Culture |
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48 | (1) |
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Behavioral-Genetic Perspectives |
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49 | (7) |
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49 | (4) |
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53 | (3) |
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Interactions During Development |
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56 | (8) |
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Chapter 4 General Physiological Perspective |
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64 | (24) |
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Overall Structure and Evolution |
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65 | (8) |
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Structure of the Human Nervous System |
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65 | (2) |
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Evolution Reflected in Structure |
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67 | (4) |
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Cells of the Nervous System |
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71 | (2) |
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Structures Most Relevant to Motivation and Emotion |
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73 | (15) |
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The Autonomic Nervous System |
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73 | (2) |
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The Reticular Activating System |
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75 | (1) |
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Peripheral Endocrine Systems |
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76 | (2) |
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The Hypothalamus and Pituitary |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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Synaptic Transmitter Substances |
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83 | (4) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Thirst, Hunger, and Elimination |
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88 | (28) |
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88 | (4) |
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Extracellular Thirst and Cellular Thirst |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (10) |
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Motivation, from Starvation to Satiation |
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92 | (1) |
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Feasting, Fasting, and General Metabolism |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Peripheral Satiety Factors |
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97 | (3) |
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Other Physiological Factors |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (10) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Acquired Specific Appetites |
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107 | (2) |
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Addictions as Acquired Appetites |
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109 | (3) |
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Modern Consequences of Dietary Predilections |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (4) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Pain, Fear, and Comfort |
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116 | (24) |
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117 | (7) |
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117 | (1) |
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Psychological Variability in Pain |
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118 | (2) |
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Neural Structures and Pain |
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120 | (2) |
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Chemical Modulation of Pain |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (2) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (14) |
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127 | (2) |
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Innate Reactions to Danger |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (2) |
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Social Transmission and Pheromones |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (31) |
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Reproductive Strategies and Evolution |
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140 | (8) |
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General Mammalian Sex Differences |
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141 | (1) |
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Species-Specific Adaptations and Bonding |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (3) |
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Neuroendocrine Basis of Sexual Behavior |
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148 | (10) |
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148 | (5) |
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153 | (4) |
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Sexual Differentiation of the Brain |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (7) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (2) |
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Menstruation, Pregnancy, and Nursing |
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165 | (6) |
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The Menstrual Cycle and Emotional Changes |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Arousal and Stress |
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171 | (27) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (11) |
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173 | (1) |
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Peripheral Physiology in Arousal and Acute Stress |
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174 | (2) |
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Do Autonomic Mechanisms Vary in Quality Among Emotions? |
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176 | (2) |
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Rebound Mechanisms, Rest, and Sleep |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (10) |
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The Pituitary-Adrenocortical System |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (2) |
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Health Effects of Emotions and Chronic Stress |
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189 | (3) |
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Aging, Senescence, and Limits to Self-Preservation |
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192 | (2) |
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Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome |
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194 | (4) |
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Chapter 9 Anger, Hate, and Aggression |
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198 | (20) |
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Forms of Threat and Aggression |
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198 | (2) |
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Dominance and Subordination |
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200 | (4) |
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Human Anger and Expression |
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204 | (1) |
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Sex Differences and Neuroendocrine Substrata |
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205 | (1) |
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Endocrine Changes in Response to Social Status |
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206 | (3) |
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Neurological Substrata of Aggression |
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209 | (1) |
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Frustration and Irritation |
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210 | (1) |
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A Role of Learning in Aggressiveness |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (3) |
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Human Infanticide and Child Abuse |
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214 | (2) |
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Warfare, Human Evolution, and a Soldier's Motivation |
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216 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Happiness, Sadness, and Coping Strategies |
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218 | (29) |
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219 | (8) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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Body Postures and Behavioral Activation |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (12) |
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Strategies of Confidence and Success |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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Depression, Psychological Pain, Inhibition, and Regrouping |
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231 | (2) |
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Social Learning and Cognition in Depression |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (2) |
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Life-Threatening Behavior |
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239 | (8) |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (1) |
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Evolutionary Limits to Self-Preservation |
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245 | (2) |
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Chapter 11 Love and Attachment |
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247 | (48) |
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248 | (8) |
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248 | (1) |
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Maternal Attachment to Infant |
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249 | (3) |
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Paternal Attachment to Children |
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252 | (1) |
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Attachment Quality and Emotional Development |
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253 | (2) |
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Familial Bonds and Conflict |
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255 | (1) |
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Sibling and Peer Relations |
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256 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
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Friendship and Affiliation |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (6) |
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259 | (1) |
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Romantic versus Companionate Love |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Motivation to Learn |
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265 | (15) |
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Exploration and Curiosity |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (2) |
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Habituation, Sensitization, and Classical Conditioning of Emotions |
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268 | (2) |
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Reinforcement and Punishment |
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270 | (2) |
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Neural Substrata of Reinforcement and Inhibition |
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272 | (2) |
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Conditioned Reinforcement and Acquired Goals |
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274 | (1) |
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Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Control |
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275 | (1) |
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Contagion, Imitation, Vicarious Learning, and Culture |
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276 | (1) |
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Incentives versus Reinforcement in Intelligent Animals |
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277 | (2) |
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Education, Cognitive Development, and Achievement |
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279 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Conflicts Among Motives |
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280 | (12) |
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280 | (1) |
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Multiple Approach-avoidance, Worry, and Anxiety |
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281 | (1) |
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Cortical Inhibition and Enhancement of Emotions |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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Defense Mechanisms and Irrational Resolutions |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (5) |
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Chapter 14 Self, Family, and Community |
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292 | (13) |
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Origins of High-Order Social Emotions |
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292 | (4) |
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Evolution of Selfishness and Altruism |
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292 | (2) |
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Ancestral and Modern Emotional Ecology |
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294 | (1) |
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Civilization, Law, Religion, and Culture |
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295 | (1) |
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Expressions of High-Order Social Emotions |
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296 | (7) |
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Contagion and Vicarious Emotion |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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Personality and Circumstance |
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303 | (2) |
| References |
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305 | (38) |
| Index |
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343 | |
Other versions by this Author