Foreword |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
About the Authors |
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xix | |
PART 1: Impact of Cultural Diversity on Law Enforcement |
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1 | (122) |
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CHAPTER 1: Multicultural Communities: Challenges for Law Enforcement |
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3 | (33) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (4) |
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8 | (9) |
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Interplay between Police Incidents and Culture |
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17 | (3) |
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Mini Case Studies: Culture and Crime |
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20 | (2) |
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Police Knowledge of Cultural Groups |
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22 | (1) |
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Prejudice in Law Enforcement |
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23 | (1) |
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How Prejudice Influences People |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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Eight Tips for Improving Law Enforcement in Multicultural Communities |
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31 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 2: The Changing Law Enforcement Agency: A Microcosm of Society |
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36 | (37) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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Ethnic and Racial Issues within the Workforce |
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41 | (6) |
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47 | (8) |
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Gay Men and Lesbians in Law Enforcement |
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55 | (9) |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 3: Multicultural Representation in Law Enforcement: Recruitment, Retention, and Promotion |
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73 | (23) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Recruitment of a Diverse Workforce |
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74 | (9) |
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83 | (6) |
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Retention and Promotion of a Diverse Workforce |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 4: Cross-Cultural Communications for Law Enforcement |
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96 | (27) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Language Barriers and Law Enforcement |
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97 | (2) |
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Attitudes toward Non-English or Limited English Speakers |
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99 | (2) |
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Cross-Cultural Communication in the Law Enforcement Context |
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101 | (2) |
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Cross-Cultural Communication Attempts |
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103 | (6) |
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Interviewing and Data-Gathering Skills |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (4) |
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Male-Female Communication in Law Enforcement |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
PART 2: Cultural Specifics for Law Enforcement |
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123 | (158) |
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CHAPTER 5: Law Enforcement Contact with Asian/Pacific Americans |
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125 | (34) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Asian/Pacific American Defined |
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127 | (2) |
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Typology of Asian/Pacific Americans |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (3) |
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Demographics: Diversity among Asian/Pacific Americans |
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133 | (3) |
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Asian/Pacific Americans' Key Motivating Perspectives |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (5) |
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The Asian/Pacific American Family |
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145 | (2) |
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Cultural Influences on Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal Styles of Asian/Pacific Americans |
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147 | (3) |
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Key Issues in Law Enforcement |
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150 | (3) |
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Summary of Recommendations for Law Enforcement |
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153 | (2) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 6: Law Enforcement Contact with African Americans |
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159 | (31) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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Demographics: Diversity among African Americans |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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Group Identification Terms |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Cross-Racial Perceptions in Law Enforcement |
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166 | (2) |
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The African American Family |
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168 | (2) |
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Language and Communication |
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170 | (5) |
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Key Issues in Law Enforcement |
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175 | (7) |
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Summary of Recommendations for Law Enforcement |
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182 | (2) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 7: Law Enforcement Contact With Latino/Hispanic Americans |
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190 | (30) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Latino/Hispanic Americans Defined |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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Demographics: Diversity among Latino/Hispanic Americans |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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Typology of Latino/Hispanic Americans |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (4) |
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The Latino/Hispanic American Family |
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201 | (1) |
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The Role of the Man and the Woman in a Latino/Hispanic American Family |
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201 | (3) |
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Cultural Influences on Communication: Verbal and Nonverbal Styles of Latino/Hispanic Americans |
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204 | (2) |
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Key Issues in Law Enforcement |
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206 | (8) |
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Summary of Recommendations for Law Enforcement |
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214 | (2) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 8: Law Enforcement Contact with Arab Americans and Other Middle Eastern Groups |
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220 | (33) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Middle Easterners Defined |
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221 | (2) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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Differences and Similarities |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (3) |
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236 | (4) |
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Key Issues in Law Enforcement |
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240 | (6) |
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Summary of Recommendations for Law Enforcement |
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246 | (3) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 9: Law Enforcement Contact With Native Americans |
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253 | (28) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Historical Information and Background |
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254 | (2) |
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The Question of American Indian Identity |
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256 | (1) |
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Native American Populations, Tribes, and Reservations |
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257 | (2) |
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Differences and Similarities among Native Americans |
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259 | (4) |
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Language and Communication |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (2) |
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Key Issues in Law Enforcement |
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268 | (8) |
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Summary of Recommendations for Law Enforcement |
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276 | (2) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
PART 3: Multicultural Law Enforcement Elements in Terrorism and Homeland Security |
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281 | (50) |
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CHAPTER 10: Multicultural Law Enforcement and Terrorism: Overview, Response Strategies, and Multijurisdictional Actions |
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283 | (24) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Historical Information and Background |
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285 | (2) |
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Local Community Issues and Global/National/Regional Issues |
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287 | (2) |
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The First Response Challenge for Law Enforcement |
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289 | (4) |
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Law Enforcement Response Strategies |
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293 | (9) |
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Key Issues in Law Enforcement |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 11: Multicultural Law Enforcement and Homeland Security |
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307 | (24) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Historical Information and Background |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (8) |
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Working with Multicultural Communities on Prevention and Response |
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318 | (2) |
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Key Issues in Law Enforcement |
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320 | (4) |
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324 | (2) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
PART 4: Response Strategies: Crimes Motivated by Hate/Bias and Racial Profiling |
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331 | (122) |
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CHAPTER 12: Hate/Bias Crimes: Victims, Laws, Investigations, and Prosecutions |
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333 | (46) |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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The Hate/Bias Crime Problem |
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336 | (6) |
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Definition of Hate Crime and Hate Incident |
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342 | (1) |
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Hate Crime Source Theories |
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343 | (4) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (4) |
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Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Victimization |
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352 | (8) |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (2) |
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Hate/Bias Crime and Incident Investigations |
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362 | (3) |
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Hate/Bias Crime Prosecution |
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365 | (5) |
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Hate/Bias Crime and Incident Victimology |
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370 | (2) |
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372 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (4) |
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CHAPTER 13: Hate/Bias Crimes: Reporting, Monitoring, and Response Strategies |
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379 | (29) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (2) |
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Hate/Bias Crimes Monitoring |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (4) |
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Response Alternatives to Organized Hate Groups |
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388 | (2) |
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Trends and Predictions for Organized Hate Groups |
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390 | (2) |
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Hate/Bias Crime and Incident Control |
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392 | (4) |
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Trends to Monitor: STEEP Typology |
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396 | (1) |
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Law Enforcement Response Strategies |
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397 | (7) |
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404 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 14: Racial Profiling |
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408 | (45) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (2) |
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Historical Background of the Term Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement |
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411 | (2) |
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Profiling Challenges in the War on Terrorism |
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413 | (3) |
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Police and Citizen Perceptions on Racial Profiling |
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416 | (9) |
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Profiling as a Legal Tool of Law Enforcement |
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425 | (5) |
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Prevention of Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement |
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430 | (8) |
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Professional Police Traffic Stops |
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438 | (1) |
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Data Collection on Citizens' Race/Ethnicity |
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439 | (9) |
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448 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (3) |
PART 5: Cultural Effectiveness for Peace Officers |
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453 | (50) |
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CHAPTER 15: Peace Officer Image and Cultural Sensitivity |
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455 | (29) |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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Impact of Images on Human Behavior |
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456 | (4) |
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460 | (7) |
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467 | (1) |
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Police Leadership in Professionalism and Synergy |
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468 | (2) |
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Regional or Statewide Cooperation in Law Enforcement |
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470 | (6) |
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Organizational Trends in Law Enforcement |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (1) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (4) |
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CHAPTER 16: Emerging Strategies, Roles, and Technology for Peace Officers in Multicultural Law Enforcement |
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484 | (19) |
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484 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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The Future of Peacekeeping Strategies in Multicultural Communities |
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485 | (13) |
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498 | (2) |
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Discussion Questions and Issues |
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500 | (1) |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (2) |
Appendix A: Multicultural Community and Workforce: Attitude Assessment Survey |
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503 | (6) |
Appendix B: Cultural Diversity Survey: Needs Assessment |
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509 | (7) |
Appendix C: Listing of Consultants and Resources |
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516 | (6) |
Appendix D: Self-Assessment of Communication Skills in Law Enforcement: Communications Inventory |
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522 | (2) |
Glossary |
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524 | (5) |
Index |
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529 | |