New And Evolving Infections of the 21st Century

by Fong, I. W.; Alibek, Ken

Edition: 1st

ISBN13: 9780387326474

ISBN10: 0387326472

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2006-10-13

Publisher(s): Springer Verlag

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Summary

This new volume of the Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century Series, has compiled a collection of chapters by leading authorities of the world on emerging & evolving infections that is a must read for anyone interested in this topic. The chapters by reknown experts have provided a wealth of up-to-date information, such as clinical spectrum of disease, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, prevention and future research on the following topics: Avian Influenza, Entervirus 71, Erlichiosis & Anaplasmosis, Hanta Virus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome, New Herpes Viruses (6, 7 & 8), NIPAH & Hendra Viruses, Pox Virus Zoonses, SARS, West Nile Virus. Book jacket.

Author Biography

I. W. Fong, MB, BS, FRCPCChief, Infectious Disease30 Bond St., Suite 4179, CC wingSt. Michael's HospitalToronto, Ont., M5B 1W8Tel: 416-864-5867Fax: 416-564-5310fongi@smh.toronto.on.ca

Section I: Evolving Infectious Diseases

1. West Nile Virus in the Americas

Lyle R. Petersen, John T. Roehrig, and James J. Sejvar

1.1. Virology

(6)

1.1.1. Virus Structure

(1)

1.1.2. Genome

(1)

1.1.2.1. E-protein

(1)

1.1.2.2. Nonstructural Proteins

(2)

1.1.3. Genetics and Virulence

(1)

1.2. Epidemiology

(11)

1.2.1. Ecology

(1)

1.2.1.1. Vectors

(1)

1.2.1.2. Vertebrate Hosts

(1)

1.2.2. Geographic Spread

(1)

1.2.2.1. United States and Canada

(1)

1.2.2.2. Latin America

(3)

1.2.3. Incidence of Human Infection and Illness

(1)

1.2.3.1. United States

(1)

1.2.3.2 Canada

(1)

1.2.4. Risk Factors for Infection, Severe Disease, and Death

(1)

1.2.5. Non-Mosquito Transmission Routes

(1)

1.2.5.1. Blood Transfusion

(1)

1.2.5.2. Organ Transplantation

(1)

1.2.5.3. Intrauterine Transmission

(1)

1.2.5.4. Other Transmission Modes

(1)

1.3. Clinical Spectrum

(7)

1.3.1. West Nile Fever

(1)

1.3.2. Neuroinvasive Disease

(1)

1.3.2.1. Meningitis

(1)

1.3.2.2. Encephalitis

(1)

1.3.2.3. Weakness and Paralysis

(3)

1.3.3. Other Clinical Manifestations

(1)

1.3.3.1. Ocular Manifestations

(1)

1.3.3.2. Miscellaneous Manifestations

(1)

1.3.4. Clinical Illness in Special Population Groups

(1)

1.3.4.1. Children

(1)

1.3.4.2. Immunocompromised Patients

(1)

1.4. Diagnosis

(5)

1.4.1. Antibody Detection

(1)

1.4.1.1. IgM ELISA

(1)

1.4.1.2. IgG ELISA

(1)

1.4.1.3. Neutralization Test

(1)

1.4.2. Antigen Detection

(1)

1.4.2.1. Antigen-Capture ELISA

(1)

1.4.2.2. Immunohistochemical Staining

(1)

1.4.3. Detection of Viral Genomic Sequences

(1)

1.4.3.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT)

(2)

1.4.4. Other Laboratory, Radiologic, and Electrodiagnostic Findings

(1)

1.5. Management

(2)

1.6. Prevention

(2)

1.6.1. Human Personal Protection

(1)

1.6.2. Mosquito Control

(1)

1.6.3. Vaccines

(1)

1.6.4. Screening of Blood Donations

(1)

1.7. Future Directions

(2)

1.7.1. Surveillance

(1)

1.7.2. Diagnosis and Treatment

(1)

1.7.3. Prevention

(1)

References

(17)

2. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome: A New Twist to an Established Pathogen

Frederick T. Koster and Howard Levy

2.1. Virology

(4)

2.1.1. Classification and Characteristics

(1)

2.1.2. Viral Replication

(3)

2.2. Pathophysiology and Animal Models

(9)

2.2.1. Cell Entry

(1)

2.2.2. Virulence

(1)

2.2.3. Cellular Targets for HV

(1)

2.2.4. Pathology and Pathogenesis

(1)

2.2.5. Role of the T-Cell Response

(2)

2.2.6. Immunity

(2)

2.2.7. Animal Models

(1)

2.3. Epidemiology and Transmission

(3)

2.3.1. Epidemiology

(1)

2.3.2. Transmission

(3)

2.4. Clinical Spectrum

(4)

2.4.1. Asymptomatic or Mild Infection

(1)

2.4.2. Incubation Period

(1)

2.4.3. Clinical Presentation of HCPS

(1)

2.4.3.1. Febrile Phase

(1)

2.4.3.2. Cardiopulmonary Phase

(1)

2.4.3.3. Convalescent Phase

(1)

2.4.4. Clinical Presentation of HFRS

(1)

2.5. Diagnosis of Acute Infection

(1)

2.6. Current Management

(3)

2.7. Prevention

(1)

2.8. Future Directions

(1)

References

(11)

3. Human Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis

Jere W. McBride and David H. Walker

3.1. Human Ehrlichioses (Human Monocytotropic and Ehrlichiosis Ewingii)

(14)

3.1.1. Taxonomy

(1)

3.1.2. Morphology

(3)

3.1.3. Genetic, Antigenic, and Phenotypic Characteristics

(2)

3.1.4. Pathogenesis and Immunity

(4)

3.1.5. Emergency, Epidemiology, and Transmission

102

(2)

3.1.6. Clinical Spectrum

104

(1)

3.1.7. Laboratory Diagnosis

105

(1)

3.1.8. Treatment and Prevention

106

(1)

3.2. Human Anaplasmosis

107

(10)

3.2.1. Taxonomy

107

(1)

3.2.2. Morphology

107

(1)

3.2.3. Genetic, Antigenic, and Phenotypic Characteristics

108

(2)

3.2.4. Pathogenesis and Immunity

110

(4)

3.2.5. Emergency, Epidemiology and Transmission

114

(1)

3.2.6. Clinical Spectrum

115

(1)

3.2.7. Laboratory Diagnosis

115

(1)

3.2.8. Prevention and Treatment

116

(1)

3.3. Future Directions

117

(1)

References

117

(12)

4. Cross-Species Transmission of Poxviruses

Mike Bray

4.1. Introduction: The Poxvirus Family

129

(11)

4.1.1. The Poxvirus "Survival Strategy"

134

(1)

4.1.2. Measures and Countermeasures

135

(3)

4.1.3. Maintenance Hosts and Cross-Species Transmission

138

(1)

4.1.4. Barriers to Cross-Species Transmission

139

(1)

4.2. Poxviruses That Cause Human Disease

140

(11)

4.2.1. Orthopoxvirus

141

(1)

4.2.1.1. Variola Virus

142

(1)

4.2.1.2. MonkeyPox Virus

143

(1)

4.2.1.3. Vaccinia Virus

144

(1)

4.2.1.4. CowPox Virus

145

(1)

4.2.1.5. Ectromelia Virus

146

(1)

4.2.1.6. CamelPox Virus

147

(1)

4.2.1.7. Other Orthopoxviruses

147

(1)

4.2.2. Yatapoxvirus

148

(1)

4.2.3. Parapoxvirus

149

(1)

4.2.4. Molluscipoxvirus

150

(1)

4.3. Genera that have not Caused Human Disease

151

(4)

4.3.1. Leporipoxvirus

151

(1)

4.3.2. Capripoxvirus

152

(1)

4.3.3. Suipoxvirus

153

(1)

4.3.4. Avipoxvirus

154

(1)

4.4. Newly Identified Poxvirus Genera

155

(1)

4.5. Conclusion

155

(1)

References

156

(7)

Section II: Newly Recognized Human Viruses

5. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Kwok-Yung Yuen, Samson S.Y. Wong, and J.S. Malik Peiris

5.1. Introduction

163

(1)

5.2. Sequence of Events

163

(1)

5.3. Epidemiological Characteristics

164

(2)

5.4. General Virology

166

(6)

5.5. Clinical Findings

172

(1)

5.6. Laboratory Diagnostics

173

(1)

5.7. Pathology and Immunology

174

(1)

5.8. Animal Models and Koch's Postulates

175

(1)

5.9. Clinical Management

176

(6)

5.9.1. Antivirals and Immunomodulators

177

(1)

5.9.2. Passive and Active Immunization

178

(4)

5.10. Laboratory Safety, Community and Hospital Infection Control

182

(1)

References

183

(14)

6. Newly Identified Human Herpesviruses: HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8

Laurie T. Krug, Chong-Gee Teo, Keiko Tanaka-Taya, and Naoki Inoue

6.1. HHV-6 and HHV-7

197

(11)

6.1.1. Biology

197

(1)

6.1.1.1. Cell Tropism and Viral Entry

197

(1)

6.1.1.2. Gene Expression and Replication

198

(1)

6.1.1.3. Latency and Reactivation

199

(1)

6.1.1.4. Immune Responses and Immune Evasion

201

(1)

6.1.1.5. Pathogenesis

202

(1)

6.1.1.6. Animal Models

203

(1)

6.1.2. Epidemiology

203

(1)

6.1.2.1. Primary Infection

203

(1)

6.1.2.2. Transmission

204

(1)

6.1.2.3. Proposed Disease Associations

205

(1)

6.1.3. Clinical Spectrum

205

(1)

6.1.3.1. Exanthem Subitum (Roseola)

205

(1)

6.1.3.2. Encephalitis

206

(1)

6.1.3.3. Post-transplantation Disease

206

(2)

6.1.4. Management and Prevention

208

(1)

6.1.4.1. Antivirals

208

(1)

6.1.4.2. Transplantation Management

208

(1)

6.2. HHV-8

208

(34)

6.2.1. Biology

208

(1)

6.2.1.1. Cell Tropism and Viral Entry

208

(1)

6.2.1.2. Latency and Reactivation

209

(1)

6.2.1.3. Immune Response and Immune Evasion

210

(1)

6.2.1.4. Pathogenesis

216

(1)

6.2.1.5. Animal Models

222

(4)

6.2.2. Epidemiology

226

(1)

6.2.2.1. Seroepidemiology

226

(1)

6.2.2.2. HHV-8 Genotypes

229

(1)

6.2.2.3. Transmission

231

(3)

6.2.3. Clinical Spectrum

234

(1)

6.2.3.1. Primary Infection

234

(1)

6.2.3.2. Kaposi's Sarcoma

235

(1)

6.2.3.3. Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL)

238

(1)

6.2.3.4. Castleman's Disease

239

(1)

6.2.3.5. Other Lymphoproliferative Disorders

240

(1)

6.2.3.6. Other Neoplastic Disorders

240

(1)

6.2.3.7. Other Diseases

240

(1)

6.2.4. Management

241

(1)

6.2.4.1. Antivirals

241

(1)

6.2.4.2. Anti-retroviral Protease Inhibitors

242

(1)

6.2.4.3. Other Approaches

242

(1)

References

242

(37)

Section III: Emerging Viruses in Asia

7. Nipah and Hendra Viruses Encephalitis

Khean Jin Goh, Kum Thong Wong, and Chong Tin Tan

7.1. Introduction

279

(1)

7.2. Hendra Virus Infection

279

(2)

7.2.1. Epidemiology

280

(1)

7.2.2. Clinical Features

280

(1)

7.2.3. Diagnosis

281

(1)

7.2.4. Pathology

281

(1)

7.3. Nipah Virus Infection

281

(9)

7.3.1. Epidemiology

282

(2)

7.3.2. Clinical Features

284

(1)

7.3.3. Investigations

285

(2)

7.3.4. Treatment and Outcome

287

(1)

7.3.5. Relapsed and Late-Onset Encephalitis

287

(1)

7.3.6. Pathology

287

(2)

7.3.7. Pathogenesis

289

(1)

7.4. Conclusion

290

(1)

References

290

(5)

8. Enterovirus 71 Encephalitis

Luan-Yin Chang, Shin-Ru Shih, Li-Min Huang, and Tzou-Yien Lin

8.1. Virology

295

(3)

8.1.1. Virological Classification of Enterovirus 71

295

(1)

8.1.2. General Characteristics of Enterovirus

296

(1)

8.1.3. Virion Structure of Enterovirus

296

(1)

8.1.4. Replication Cycle of Enterovirus

297

(1)

8.1.5. Genotypes and Neurovirulence of EV71

297

(1)

8.2. Transmission and Incubation Period

298

(2)

8.2.1. Route of Transmission

298

(1)

8.2.2. The Rate of Household Transmission

299

(1)

8.2.3. Incubation Period

300

(1)

8.3. Epidemiology

300

(3)

8.3.1. Worldwide Epidemiology

300

(1)

8.3.2. Epidemiology in Taiwan

301

(2)

8.4. Clinical Spectrum

303

(8)

8.4.1. Asymptomatic Infection

304

(1)

8.4.2. Stage 1: Uncomplicated EV71 Illness

304

(1)

8.4.3. Stage 2: Complicated EV71 Illness with CNS Involvement

305

(1)

8.4.3.1. EV71 Aseptic Meningitis

305

(1)

8.4.3.2. EV71 Encephalitis

306

(1)

8.4.3.3. Polio-like Syndrome

306

(1)

8.4.3.4. Encephalomyelitis

306

(1)

8.4.3.5. Image Studies for CNS Involvement

306

(1)

8.4.4. Stage 3: Cardiopulmonary Failure or Pulmonary Edema

307

(1)

8.4.4.1. Pathogenesis of EV71-related Cardiopulmonary Failure

308

(2)

8.4.5. Stage 4: Convalescence and Long-term Sequelae

310

(1)

8.4.6. Factors Associated with Complications

310

(1)

8.4.7. EV71 Versus Coxsackievirus A16

310

(1)

8.5. Diagnosis

311

(2)

8.5.1. Virus Isolation and Identification

311

(1)

8.5.2. Gene Chips

311

(1)

8.5.3. Serology Test

312

(1)

8.5.3.1. Neutralizing Antibody

312

(1)

8.5.3.2. EV71 IgM

312

(1)

8.6. Management

313

(5)

8.6.1. Stage-based Management

314

(1)

8.6.2. Antiviral Agents

314

(1)

8.6.2.1. Inhibitors of Virion Attachment for Enteroviruses

315

(1)

8.6.2.2. Inhibitors of Uncoating for Enteroviruses

316

(1)

8.6.2.3. Pleconaril (VP 63843) and Novel Anti-EV71 Agents

316

(2)

8.7. Prevention

318

(2)

8.7.1. Hand Washing and Isolation

318

(1)

8.7.2. EV71-related Disease and Laboratory Surveillance

319

(1)

8.7.3. Vaccination

319

(1)

8.8. Future Directions

320

(1)

References

320

(7)

9. Avian Influenza Viruses and Pandemic Influenza

Menno Douwe de Jong

9.1. Introduction

327

(1)

9.2. Virology

328

(4)

9.2.1. Biological Properties

328

(1)

9.2.2. Classification

329

(1)

9.2.3. Natural Hosts

329

(1)

9.2.4. Determinants of Host Range

329

(2)

9.2.5. Antigenic Variation and The Emergence of Pandemic Influenza Strains

331

(1)

9.2.5.1. Antigenic Drift

331

(1)

9.2.5.2. Antigenic Shift

331

(1)

9.3. Pathogensis of Avian Influenza

332

(5)

9.3.1. Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Natural Hosts

332

(1)

9.3.2. Viral Determinants of Pathogenicity

333

(3)

9.3.3. Host Factors

336

(1)

9.4. Avian Influeza Viruses Infecting Humans

337

(12)

9.4.1. Pandemics of the 20th Century

337

(2)

9.4.2. H7N7 Viruses

339

(2)

9.4.3. H7N3 Viruses

341

(1)

9.4.4. H9N2 Viruses

342

(1)

9.4.5. H5N1 Viruses

343

(1)

9.4.5.1. Outbreaks of Influenza H5N1 in Poultry and Humans

343

(1)

9.4.5.2. The Clinical Spectrum of Human H5N1 Infections

344

(1)

9.4.5.3. The Evolution of H5N1 Viruses, 1997-2004

347

(2)

9.5. Laboratory Diagniosis of Avian Influenza

349

(3)

9.5.1. Virus Isolation

349

(1)

9.5.2. Antigen Detection

350

(1)

9.5.3. RT-PCR

350

(1)

9.5.4. Serology

351

(1)

9.6. Treatment and Prevention

352

(4)

9.6.1. Antiviral Treatment

352

(2)

9.6.2. Infection Control and Prophylaxis

354

(2)

9.6.3. Vaccination

356

(1)

9.7. Pandemic Preparedness and Future Directives

356

(3)

References

359

(10)

Index

369

New And Evolving Infections of the 21st Century

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Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents