Psychological Evaluations for the Courts, Second Edition A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers

by Melton, Gary B.; Petrila, John; Poythress, Norman G.; Slobogin, Christopher

Edition: 2nd

ISBN13: 9781572302365

ISBN10: 1572302364

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 1997-08-01

Publisher(s): The Guilford Press

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Summary

Considered the definitive resource and text on forensic psychiatry and psychology since the publication of the first edition, Psychological Evaluations for the Courts, Second Edition, continues to be the most comprehensive discussion of legal, research, and clinical issues for both mental health and legal professionals. Fully revised and updated, the volume covers a broad range of topics in forensic mental health, including insanity, child abuse, sentencing, personal injury claims, and civil commitment. Less traditional subjects such as federal antidiscrimination and entitlement laws, competency to testify, workers' compensation, and a new section on the clinical evaluation of witness credibility have also been added. Throughout, the authors summarize and analyze legal issues, offer suggestions for evaluation procedures, and review appropriate research on both clinical opinions and the legal process. New to the Second Edition Completely updated to reflect current research and practice, the volume contains four entirely new chapters and has been revised throughout to include analyses of new case law and clinical techniques; important research on competency and dangerousness from the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Mental Health and Law; and new ethical rules developed by the American Psychological Assocation and the American Psychiatric Association. Also new to this edition are exercises and case studies for students in each chapter (see below).

Author Biography

Gary B. Melton, PhD, is Director of the Institute for Families in Society, Professor of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science, and Adjunct Professor of Law, Pediatrics, and Psychology at the University of South Carolina.

John Petrila, JD, LLM, is Professor and Chair, Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, Florida Mental Health Institute, at the University of South Florida in Tampa.

Norman G. Poythress, PhD, is Professor and Research Director, Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, Florida Mental Health Institute, at the University of South Florida in Tampa.

Christopher Slobogin, JD, LLM, is Professor, Alumni Research Scholar, and Associate Dean of Law at the University of Florida in Gainesville.

Part I. General Considerations

(116)

Chapter 1. Law and the Mental Health Professions: An Uneasy Alliance

(23)

1.01. The Context for Law and Behavioral Science

(1)

1.02. Some Preliminary Problems in Law and Mental Health

(4)

(a) Bridging Gaps in Training

(1)

(b) Bridging Attitudinal Differences

(1)

1.03. Paradigm Conflicts

(8)

(a) Free Will versus Determinism

(2)

(b) The Process of Factfinding

(1)

(5)

(1) From Probability to Certainty

(1)

(2) From Group to Individual

(4)

1.04. Should Mental Health Professionals Be Considered Experts?

(7)

(a) The Definition of Specialized Knowledge

(3)

(b) Limitations on the Use of Specialized Knowledge

(1)

(3)

1.05. Which Professionals Should Be Considered Experts?

(1)

1.06. Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

Chapter 2. An Overview of the Legal System: Sources of Law, the Court System, and the Adjudicative Process

(15)

2.01. Introduction

(1)

2.02. Sources of Law

(4)

(a) Federal-State Relations

(1)

(b) Constitutions

(1)

(d) The Judiciary

(1)

2.03. The Court System

(1)

(a) The Federal Court System

(1)

(b) State Judicial Systems

(1)

2.04. The Adjudicative Process

(8)

(a) The Criminal Process

(4)

(1) The Stages of a Criminal Prosecution

(2)

(2) Clinical Input: Issues, Points of Entry and Contacts

(2)

(b) Civil Proceedings

(1)

(d) Quasi-Criminal Proceedings: Civil Commitment and Juvenile Delinquency

(1)

2.05. Conclusion: The Interplay of Systems

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Chapter 3. The Nature and Method of Forensic Assessment

(23)

3.01. Introduction

(1)

3.02. Distinctions between Therapeutic and Forensic Assessment

(4)

(a) Scope

(1)

(b) Importance of the Client's Perspective

(1)

(d) Threats to Validity

(1)

(e) Relationship Dynamics

(1)

(f) Pace and Setting

(1)

3.03. Conventional Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Procedures

(4)

(a) Categories of Tests

(2)

(b) Forensic Applications

(2)

(1) Relevance to Specific Legal Inquiry

(1)

(2) Hypothetical Nature of Test Results

(1)

(3) Limitations in Reconstructive Contexts

(1)

(4) Face Validity Considerations

(1)

3.04. Specialized Forensic Assessment Instruments

(1)

3.05. Archival and Third-Party Information

(2)

(a) Reasons for Seeking Third-Party Data

(1)

(b) The Process of Obtaining the Data

(1)

3.06. Amnesia: Hypnosis and Narcoanalysis

(1)

3.07. Malingering

(5)

(a) Interviewing Approaches to Assessing Malingering

(2)

(b) Psychological Testing

(1)

(1) Feigning Psychopathology

(1)

(2) Feigning Cognitive Impairment

(1)

(3) Summary

(1)

3.08. Challenges to the Basis of Expert Testimony

(4)

(a) Hearsay

(1)

(b) Polygraph Results

(1)

(d) Other Clinical Techniques

(1)

3.09. Conclusion

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Chapter 4. Constitutional, Common-Law, and Ethical Contours of the Evaluation Process: The Mental Health Professional as Double Agent

(31)

4.01. Introduction

(1)

4.02. The Fifth Amendment and the Right to Remain Silent

(7)

(a) Competency Evaluations

(1)

(b) Evaluations of Mental State at the Time of the Offense

(3)

(1)

(d) Juvenile Delinquency and Commitment Proceedings

(1)

(e) Other Civil Proceedings

(1)

(f) The "Miranda Warnings"

(1)

4.03. The Right to Counsel

(3)

(a) Counsel's Presence during the Evaluation

(2)

(b) Presenting an Effective Defense

(1)

(1) The Right to an Independent Evaluation

(1)

(2) Use of Experts Retained by the Opposing Party

(1)

4.04. Common-Law and Statutory Duties of the Evaluator

(4)

(a) Liability for Breach of Confidentiality

(1)

(b) The Duty to Protect the Public (Tarasoff)

(1)

(d) Other Tort Doctrines Relevant to Evaluations

(1)

(1) The Informed Consent Doctrine

(1)

(2) Negligent Misdiagnosis

(1)

4.05. Ethical Considerations in the Evaluation Process

(13)

(a) Competence and Qualifications in Forensic Practice

(1)

(b) Clarifying Referrals with Legal Agents

(2)

(1) Legal Issues

(1)

(2) Professional Fees

(1)

(3) Prior Relationships

(1)

(3)

(1) Forensic Contacts Alone

(1)

(2) Dual Forensic / Therapeutic Relationships

(2)

(d) Confidentiality and Informed Consent

(3)

(1) Basic Elements of Notification

(1)

(2) Additional Considerations Regarding Confidentiality in Criminal Cases

(2)

(3) The "Duty to Protect"

(1)

(e) Autonomy and Privacy Concerns

(2)

(1) Freedom of Choice to Participate

(1)

(2) Invasion of Privacy

(1)

4.06. Summary: Competence in Forensic Practice

(2)

Bibliography

(1)

Chapter 5. Managing Public and Private Forensic Services

(104)

5.01. Introduction

(1)

5.02. The Case for Specialization

(2)

(a) Avoiding Adverse Effects on General Mental Health Practice

(1)

(b) Building a Forensic Service System

(1)

5.03. Types of Evaluation Systems

(5)

(a) Descriptions of Models

(1)

(1) Model I: Institution-Based, Inpatient Model

(1)

(2) Model II: Institution-Based, Outpatient Model

(1)

(3) Model III: Community-Based, Outpatient Model

(1)

(4) Model IV: Community-Based, Private Practitioner Model

(1)

(5) Model V: Mixed

(1)

(b) Evaluation of Models

(3)

(1) Cost

(1)

(2) Geography

100

(1)

(3) Quality Assurance

101

(1)

(4) Other Factors

101

(1)

5.04. Establishing a Forensic Evaluation System

102

(8)

(a) Organization

102

(1)

(b) Personnel

103

(4)

(1) Training

103

(3)

(2) Incentives to Specialize

106

(1)

107

(2)

(d) Financing

109

(1)

5.05. Operating a Forensic Practice

110

(4)

(a) Billing

110

(1)

(b) Establishing a Relationship with the Client

111

(1)

112

(1)

(d) Building and Marketing a Practice

113

(1)

5.06. Effective Diffusion of Behavioral Science Research

114

(1)

Bibliography

115

(4)

Part II. The Criminal Process

119

(178)

Chapter 6. Competency to Stand Trial

119

(37)

6.01. Introduction

119

(1)

6.02. The Legal Standard

120

(5)

(a) Historic Antecedents

120

(1)

(b) The Competency Test

121

(3)

124

(1)

(d) Drug-Induced Competency

125

(1)

6.03. Procedural Issues

125

(5)

(a) Who May Raise the Issue?

126

(1)

(b) The Standard for Raising the Issue

127

(1)

127

(1)

(d) Competency Examination: Situs and Length

128

(1)

(e) Adjudication of Competency

129

(1)

6.04. Disposition of the Incompetent Defendant

130

(5)

(a) The Rule of Jackson v. Indiana

130

(1)

(b) Inappropriate Hospitalization

131

(1)

132

(1)

(d) Incompetent Defendants' Right to Refuse Medication

133

(2)

6.05. Research Relating to Competency Evaluations

135

(4)

(a) Frequency of Competency Evaluations and Findings

135

(1)

(b) Characteristics of Incompetent Defendants

136

(2)

138

(1)

6.06. Structured Evaluation Formats

139

(11)

(a) Competency Screening Test

139

(2)

(b) Competency Assessment Instrument

141

(1)

141

(1)

(d) Georgia Court Competency Test

142

(1)

(e) Computer-Assisted Competence Assessment Tool

143

(1)

(f) Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation

144

(1)

(g) MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication

145

(3)

(1) Structure of the MacArthur Research Protocol

145

(1)

(2) Description of Component Measures

146

(1)

(3) Findings from the MacArthur Field Study

147

(1)

(4) Development of the Mac-CAT-CA

148

(1)

(h) Summary

148

(2)

6.07. Guidelines for Evaluation

150

(5)

(a) Social Context

150

(1)

(b) Competency Evaluation Content

150

(4)

(1) Interview Format

151

(2)

(2) Psychological Testing

153

(1)

(3) Amnesia and Statements about the Offense

153

(1)

154

(1)

6.08. Conclusion: The Need for Policy Consultation

155

(1)

Bibliography

155

(1)

Chapter 7. Other Competencies in the Criminal Process

156

(20)

7.01. Introduction

156

(1)

7.02. Competency to Consent to a Search or Seizure

157

(1)

7.03. Competency to Confess

158

(1)

(a) The Law of Confessions

158

(3)

(b) Evaluation Issues

161

(2)

7.04. Competency to Plead Guilty

163

(1)

7.05. Competency to Waive the Right to Counsel

164

(2)

7.06. Competency to Refuse an Insanity Defense

166

(1)

7.07. Competency to Testify

167

(14)

(a) Legal Requirements for Testimonial Competency

168

(1)

(b) Psychological Research

169

(5)

(1) Observation

169

(1)

(2) Memory and Suggestibility

169

(3)

(3) Ability to Communicate

172

(1)

(4) Moral Development: Distinguishing Truth and Falsity

173

(1)

(5) Conclusions

174

(1)

174

(2)

(d) Assessment of Witness Credibility

176

(4)

(1) The Law on Expert Testimony about Witness Credibility

176

(3)

(2) Legal Strictures on Evaluations of Credibility

179

(2)

7.08. Competency to Be Sentenced and Executed

181

(4)

(a) Competency at the Sentencing Proceeding

181

(1)

(b) Competency to Be Imprisoned or Executed

182

(1)

183

(1)

(d) Treatment Issues

184

(1)

Bibliography

185

(1)

Chapter 8. Mental State at the Time of the Offense

186

(63)

8.01. Introduction

186

(1)

8.02. The Insanity Defense

186

(16)

(a) Common Misperceptions about the Defense

187

(3)

(1) How Often Is the Plea of Insanity Made?

187

(1)

(2) How Often Is the Plea Successful?

188

(1)

(3) What Happens to Those Found NGRI?

188

(1)

(4) How Dangerous Are Those Found NGRI?

189

(1)

(b) History of the Defense

190

(3)

193

(9)

(1) Mental Disease or Defect

195

(2)

(2) Causation

197

(1)

(3) Cognitive Impairment

198

(2)

(4) Volitional Impairment

200

(1)

(5) Burden and Standard of Proof

201

(1)

8.03. Exculpatory and Mitigating Doctrines Other than Insanity

202

(13)

(a) Automatism Defense

203

(1)

(b) Mens Rea Testimony (Diminished Capacity)

204

(4)

208

(2)

(d) Self-Defense, Provocation, Duress, and Entrapment

210

(3)

(e) Defenses Based on Intoxication

213

(1)

(f) The "Guilty but Mentally Ill" Plea

214

(1)

8.04. Research on the Relationship of Diagnosis to MSO Defenses

215

(13)

(a) Psychoses and Personality Disorders

216

(2)

(b) Epilepsy

218

(2)

220

(1)

(d) Dissociative States

221

(2)

(e) Postraumatic Stress Disorder

223

(1)

(f) Genetic Aberrations: The XYY Syndrome

224

(1)

(g) Impulse Disorders

225

(2)

(h) Other Novel Defenses

227

(1)

8.05. Reliability and Validity of MSO Opinions

228

(6)

(a) Reliability Studies

228

(2)

(b) Validity Studies

230

(1)

231

(3)

8.06. MSO Investigation

234

(12)

(a) Preliminary Screening for MSO Defense

234

(1)

(b) Comprehensive MSO Investigation Procedures

235

(1)

(1) Third-Party Information

235

(4)

(2) Phases and Tone of the Defendant Interview

239

(1)

(3) Testing, Hypnosis, and Other Special Procedures

240

(6)

8.07. Formulating an Opinion

242

(4)

(a) Behavioral Formulations

242

(3)

(b) Psychodynamic Formulations

245

(1)

8.08. Conclusion

246

(2)

Bibliography

248

(1)

Chapter 9. Sentencing

249

(48)

9.01. Introduction

249

(1)

9.02. A Brief History of Sentencing

250

(2)

9.03. A Comparison of Rehabilitative and Retributive Sentencing

252

(6)

(a) The Role of Legal Decisionmakers

253

(1)

(1) The Legislature

253

(1)

(2) The Prosecutor

254

(1)

(3) The Court

255

(1)

(4) The Parole Board

256

(1)

(b) Procedures

256

(1)

(1) The Degree of Formality

256

(1)

(2) The Presentence Report

257

(1)

258

(1)

9.04. Special Sentencing Provisions

258

(6)

(a) Repeat Offender Statutes

259

(1)

(b) Sexual Offender Statutes

259

(4)

263

(1)

(d) Drug-Dependent Offenders

263

(1)

9.05. Capital Sentencing

264

(3)

(a) Substantive Criteria

265

(2)

(b) Procedural Criteria

267

(1)

9.06. Factors Influencing Sentencing

267

(3)

(a) Judicial Philosophy

267

(1)

(b) System and Defendant-Based Factors

268

(1)

268

(1)

(d) The Impact of Clinical Recommendations

269

(1)

9.07. Assessment of Treatment Needs

270

(4)

(a) Characteristics of Offenders Evaluated for Treatment

270

(1)

(b) Conducting the Treatment Evaluation

271

(1)

272

(1)

(1) Treatment Bias

272

(1)

(2) Unrealistic Recommendations

272

(1)

(3) "Forced Treatment,"

273

(1)

(4) The Scope of Recommendations

273

(1)

9.08. Assessment of Culpability

274

(3)

(a) Understanding the Offense

274

(1)

(b) Understanding the Offender

275

(1)

275

(1)

(d) Evaluating Culpability

276

(1)

9.09. Violence Prediction and Risk Assessment

277

(16)

(a) Factors that Influence Judgments about Dangerousness

277

(2)

(1) Variability in the Legal Definition

277

(1)

(2) Complexity of the Literature

278

(1)

(3) Judgment Errors and Biases

278

(1)

(4) Political Consequences for the Predictor

279

(1)

(b) Accuracy of Clinical Predictions of Dangerousness

279

(4)

(1) Types of Errors and Base Rates

279

(3)

(2) First-Generation Prediction Studies

282

(1)

(3) Critique of First-Generation Studies

282

(1)

(4) Risk Assessment and Management: A Second Generation of Research

283

(1)

284

(9)

(1) Three Approaches to the Assessment of Risk

284

(1)

(2) Empirical Correlates of Dangerousness

285

(5)

(3) Individualized (Anamnestic) Risk Appraisal

290

(2)

(4) Formulations Regarding Risk

292

(1)

Bibliography

293

(4)

Part III. Noncriminal Adjudication

297

(120)

Chapter 10. Civil Commitment

297

(40)

10.01. Introduction

297

(2)

10.02. A History of Commitment Law

299

(7)

(a) From Ancient Times to the 1970s

299

(1)

(b) The Reform Movement

300

(3)

(1) Challenges to the Medical Model

301

(1)

(2) Challenges to the Consequences of Commitment

301

(1)

(3) Challenges to Commitment Process and Criteria

302

(1)

303

(3)

10.03. Substantive Criteria for Commitment

306

(7)

(a) Mental Disorder

307

(1)

(b) Capacity to Make Treatment Decisions

308

(1)

308

(1)

(d) Danger to Self

309

(1)

(e) Grave Disability/Inability to Care for Self

309

(1)

(f) Need for Treatment

310

(1)

(g) The Least Restrictive Alternative

311

(1)

(h) Outpatient Commitment

311

(1)

10.04. Procedural Due Process

313

(4)

(a) Inpatient Commitment Procedures

313

(2)

(1) Emergency Admissions

313

(1)

(2) Long-Term Detention

314

(1)

(b) Outpatient Commitment Procedures

315

(2)

317

(1)

10.05. The Effects of Commitment Laws and Commitment

317

(4)

(a) Frequency of Commitment

318

(1)

(b) Commitment Criteria

318

(1)

319

(1)

(d) Why the Laws Have Failed: Pressures for Hospitalization

320

(1)

(e) The Questionable Benefit of Hospitalization

320

(1)

(f) The Need for Caution

320

(1)

10.06. Attorney's Role

321

(2)

10.07. Clinician's Role

323

(1)

10.08. Commitment Evaluation

323

(5)

(a) Mental Illness and Need for Treatment

323

(1)

(b) Dangerousness to Self

324

(2)

(1) Correlates of Risk for Suicide

324

(1)

(2) The Clinical Assessment of Suicidal Risk

325

(1)

(3) Suicide "Prediction" versus Risk Assessment

326

(1)

326

(1)

(d) Dangerousness to Others

327

(1)

10.09. The Process of the Evaluation

328

(2)

(a) The Right to Silence

328

(1)

(b) The Right to Assistance of Counsel

329

(1)

329

(1)

10.10. Special Commitment Settings and Populations

330

(5)

(a) Minors

330

(1)

(b) Jail and Prison Inmates

331

(1)

(1) Inmates Convicted of a Crime

331

(1)

(2) Inmates Awaiting Trial

331

(1)

332

(1)

(d) People with Mental Retardation

333

(1)

(e) People Who Abuse Substances

334

(1)

Bibliography

335

(7)

Chapter 11. Civil Competencies

337

(26)

11.01. Introduction

337

(1)

11.02. Guardianship

338

(7)

(a) Forms of Guardianship

339

(1)

(b) Determining Need for Guardianship

340

(3)

(1) Legal Requirements

340

(2)

(2) Clinical Evaluation

342

(1)

343

(1)

(d) Determining What the Guardian Shall Do

344

(1)

(e) Advanced Directives

344

(1)

11.03. Competency to Make Treatment Decisions

345

(11)

(a) Requirements for Informed Consent

345

(4)

(1) Disclosure

346

(1)

(2) Competency

347

(2)

(3) Voluntariness

349

(1)

(b) The Right to Refuse Psychoactive Medication

349

(3)

352

(3)

(1) Disclosure

352

(1)

(2) Competency

353

(2)

(3) Voluntariness

355

(1)

(d) Evaluation of Competency to Make Treatment Decisions

355

(1)

11.04. Competency to Consent to Research

356

(2)

(a) Legal Requirements

357

(1)

(b) Research

357

(1)

358

(1)

11.05. Testamentary Capacity

358

(4)

(a) Legal Requirements

359

(1)

(b) Clinical Evaluation of Testamentary Capacity

360

(2)

(1) Testator Knowledge That Will Is Being Made

360

(1)

(2) Testator Knowledge of Nature and Extent of Property

361

(1)

(3) Testator Knowledge of Natural Objects of Bounty

361

(1)

(4) Testator Knowledge of the Manner in Which Property Is Disposed

361

(1)

362

(1)

Bibliography

362

(1)

Chapter 12. Compensating Mental Injuries: Workers' Compensation and Torts

363

(10)

12.01. Introduction

363

(1)

12.02. Workers' Compensation Law

364

(5)

(a) The Claims Process

365

(1)

(b) Substantive Criteria for Compensation

366

(1)

(1) Injury or Disability

366

(1)

(2) In the Course of Employment

366

(1)

(3) Injury Arising "by Accident"

367

(1)

367

(1)

(1) Physical Trauma Causing Mental Injury

367

(1)

(2) Mental Stimulus Causing Physical Injury

368

(1)

(3) Mental Stimulus Causing Mental Injury

368

(1)

(4) Preexisting Mental Disorder

369

(1)

12.03. The Tort of Emotional Distress

369

(4)

(a) Substantive Criteria

369

(2)

(1) Duty

370

(1)

(2) Breach of Duty

370

(1)

(3) Proximate Cause

371

(1)

(4) Compensable Damages

371

(1)

(b) Mental Injury

371

(2)

(1) Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

372

(1)

(2) Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress

372

(1)

373

(1)

12.04. Causation in Mental Injury Cases: A Paradigm Clash?

373

(1)

12.05. Clinical Evaluation of Mental Injury

374

(7)

(a) Context of Evaluation

374

(1)

(b) Scope of Evaluation

375

(1)

375

(3)

(1) Traumatic Neurosis/Posttraumatic Stress

376

(1)

(2) Other Conditions

377

(1)

(3) Malingering

377

(1)

(d) Assessing the Relationship between Injury and Event

378

(1)

(e) Ascertaining Effects of Mental Injury

379

(1)

(f) Prognosis

380

(1)

12.06. Conclusion: Reports and Testimony

381

(1)

Bibliography

381

(2)

Chapter 13. Federal Antidiscrimination and Entitlement Laws

383

(34)

13.01. Introduction

383

(1)

13.02. The Americans with Disabilities Act

384

(9)

(a) An Overview of Title I

385

(1)

(b) Coverage

386

(6)

(1) Disability

386

(1)

(2) Qualified Individual

387

(1)

(3) Reasonable Accommodation

388

(3)

(4) Employees Who Pose a Threat to Others

391

(1)

392

(1)

(d) Enforcement

393

(1)

(e) Forensic Evaluation

393

(2)

(1) Mental Impairment

393

(1)

(2) Qualified to Perform Essential Functions

394

(1)

(3) Reasonable Accommodation

394

(1)

(4) Direct Threat

395

(1)

13.03. Fair Housing Amendments Act

395

(5)

(a) Purpose of the Act

395

(1)

(b) Coverage of the Act

396

(1)

397

(2)

(1) Zoning and Building Requirements

397

(1)

(2) Notice and Hearing Requirements

398

(1)

(3) Reasonable Accommodation

398

(1)

(4) Direct Threat

399

(1)

(d) Enforcement

399

(1)

(e) Role of the Forensic Examiner

400

(1)

13.04. Social Security Laws

400

(12)

(a) Eligibility Criteria

401

(6)

(1) Adults

401

(5)

(2) Children

406

(1)

(b) The Process for Decisionmaking

407

(1)

408

(3)

(d) Evaluation of Children

411

(1)

13.05. Conclusion

412

(1)

Bibliography

412

(5)

Part IV. Children and Families

417

(102)

Chapter 14. Juvenile Delinquency

417

(24)

14.01. Introduction

417

(1)

14.02. The Rise and Fall of the "Therapeutic" Juvenile Court

418

(3)

(a) Juvenile Justice in the Common Law

418

(1)

(b) The Social and Legal Segregation of Youth

418

(1)

419

(1)

(d) The Fall of the Rehabilitative Ideal

419

(1)

(e) The Shrinking of the Juvenile Court

420

(1)

14.03. The Nature of the Juvenile Process

421

(5)

(a) A Typical Statute

421

(2)

(1) Purpose

421

(1)

(2) Jurisdiction

421

(1)

(3) Procedure

422

(1)

(b) Directions for Reform

423

(1)

(1) Community-Based Systems

423

(1)

(2) Juvenile Justice Standards

424

(1)

(3) Abolition or Reform?

424

(2)

14.04. The Mental Health Professional's Role in Juvenile Court

426

(3)

(a) Criminal Forensic Questions

426

(1)

(b) Amenability to Treatment

426

(2)

428

(1)

14.05. The Nature of the Evaluation

429

(4)

(a) The Process of the Evaluation

429

(1)

(b) The Scope of the Evaluation

429

(1)

(1) The Meaning of "Treatment"

429

(2)

(2) Dispositional Alternatives

431

(1)

(3) What Works

431

(2)

14.06. Specific Areas of Evaluation

433

(4)

(a) Family

433

(1)

(1) Reasons for Assessment

433

(1)

(2) Clinical Issues

433

(1)

(b) Peer Relations

434

(1)

434

(1)

(d) Academic and Vocational Skills

435

(1)

(e) Personality Functioning

436

(1)

14.07. Special Juvenile Populations

437

(2)

(a) Very Young Offenders

437

(1)

(b) Sex Offenders

438

(1)

438

(1)

14.08. Do the Mental Health and Juvenile Systems Belong Together?

439

(1)

Bibliography

440

(1)

Chapter 15. Child Abuse and Neglect

441

(42)

15.01. The Nature of Abuse and Neglect Proceedings

441

(4)

(a) Philosophical Dilemmas

441

(1)

(b) Stages of the Legal Process

441

(1)

442

(1)

(1) Perspectives on State Intervention

442

(2)

(2) "Neighbors Helping Neighbors": The New Paradigm in Child Protection

444

(1)

15.02. Legal Definitions of Child Maltreatment

445

(2)

(a) Physical Abuse

445

(1)

(b) Physical Neglect

446

(1)

446

(1)

(d) Emotional Abuse and Neglect

446

(1)

(e) Conclusions

447

(1)

15.03. Child Maltreatment as a Clinical Phenomenon

447

(7)

(a) The "Discovery" of Child Abuse

447

(1)

(b) Social Science Definitions

448

(1)

448

(2)

(d) Factors in the Etiology of Child Maltreatment

450

(3)

(1) Psychological Factors

450

(1)

(2) Social and Economic Factors

451

(2)

(e) Prognosis and Treatment

453

(1)

(1) Treatment of Abusive and Neglecting Parents

453

(1)

(2) Treatment of Abused and Neglected Children

453

(1)

15.04. Clinicians' Involvement in the Legal Process

454

(14)

(a) Investigation

454

(2)

(b) Emergency Decisions

456

(1)

456

(8)

(1) Procedural Issues

456

(3)

(2) Reliability of Hearsay

459

(1)

(3) Competence to Testify

460

(1)

(4) The Case in Chief: Proving Injury and Abuse

461

(1)

(d) Disposition and Postdispositional Review

464

(2)

(e) Termination of Parental Rights

466

(1)

(f) Mediation and Other Alternative Processes

467

(1)

15.05. Special Populations

468

(6)

(a) Parents with Mental Illness

468

(1)

(b) Parents with Mental Retardation

469

(1)

470

(1)

(d) Parents Who Use Illegal Drugs

470

(2)

(e) Biologically Related Foster Parents

472

(2)

15.06. The Technique of Abuse/Neglect Evaluations

474

(5)

(a) Content of the Evaluation

474

(1)

(b) Interviewing the Child

474

(2)

476

(1)

(d) Anatomically Detailed Dolls

476

(1)

(e) Avoiding Ethical Problems

477

(4)

15.07. Adult Cases Related to Abuse and Neglect

479

(2)

(a) Elder Abuse

478

(1)

(b) Adult Survivors of Child Abuse and Neglect

479

(2)

Bibliography

481

(2)

Chapter 16. Child Custody in Divorce

483

(23)

16.01. The Scope of Clinicians' Involvement in Custody Disputes

483

(4)

(a) Current Involvement

483

(1)

(b) Some Possible Roles

484

(2)

(1) Evaluator and Investigator

484

(1)

(2) Mediator and Intervenor

485

(1)

486

(1)

16.02. Standards for Resolution of Custody Disputes

487

(5)

(a) Historic Preferences

487

(1)

(b) The Best-Interests Standard

487

(2)

489

(1)

(d) The Primary-Caretaker Standard

489

(1)

(e) Joint Custody

490

(1)

(f) Special Populations

490

(1)

(1) Gay and Lesbian Parents

490

(1)

(2) Grandparents and Other Third Parties

491

(1)

(g) The Multiplicity of Issues

491

(1)

16.03. What Do We Know?

492

(7)

(a) Effects of Divorce on Children

492

(2)

(b) Father Custody

494

(1)

494

(1)

(d) Joint Custody

495

(1)

(e) Special Populations

496

(1)

(f) Children's Participation in Decisionmaking

497

(1)

(1) Law and Empirical Research

497

(1)

(2) Professional Standards and Practices

498

(1)

16.04. The Technique of Custody Evaluations

499

(5)

(a) Auspices: Who Is the Client?

500

(1)

(b) Application of the Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege

501

(1)

501

(1)

(d) Traditional Psychological Testing

501

(2)

(e) Specialized Tests

503

(1)

16.05. The Politics of Divorce

504

(1)

Bibliography

505

(1)

Chapter 17. Education and Habilitation

506

(13)

17.01. Introduction

506

(1)

17.02. The Impetus for the IDEA

506

(1)

17.03. The Structure of the IDEA

507

(5)

(a) Substantive Coverage

507

(1)

(1) Disability

507

(1)

(2) Free and Appropriate Education

508

(1)

(3) Related Services

508

(1)

(4) Least Restrictive Environment: Mainstreaming

509

(1)

(b) Procedures under the Act

510

(1)

(1) Identification of Children with Disability

510

(1)

(2) Evaluation of the Child: The Individual Education Plan

510

(1)

(3) Review Procedures

511

(1)

(4) Disciplinary Procedures

511

(1)

17.04. Clinical Evaluation under the Act

512

(3)

(a) Specific Skills to Assess

512

(1)

(b) Information Gathering

513

(1)

514

(1)

(d) Report and Testimony

514

(1)

Bibliography

515

(4)

Part V. Communicating with the Courts

519

(124)

Chapter 18. Consultation, Report Writing, and Expert Testimony

519

(124)

18.01. Introduction

519

(2)

18.02. Preliminary Consultations

521

(2)

(a) Clarification of Issues

521

(1)

(b) Sharing Information

522

(1)

522

(1)

18.03. Report Writing

523

(3)

(a) Functions of a Forensic Report

523

(1)

(b) General Guidelines for Report Writing

524

(1)

(1) Separate Facts from Inferences

524

(1)

(2) Stay within the Scope of the Referral Question

524

(1)

(3) Avoid Information Over(and under)kill

525

(1)

(4) Minimize Clinical Jargon

526

(1)

18.04. Expert Testimony and the Social Psychology of Persuasion

526

(16)

(a) Deposition

527

(1)

(b) Pretrial Conference

528

(1)

529

(2)

(d) Direct Testimony

531

(1)

(e) Cross-Examination

532

(3)

(1) The "Infallibility Complex" and "God Only Knows" Gambits

532

(1)

(2) "Yes-No" Questioning

533

(1)

(3) The "Unreliable Examination" Gambit

533

(1)

(4) The "Subjective Opinion" Ploy

534

(1)

(5) The "Loaded Question" and "Lawyer as Expert" Ploys

534

(1)

(6) The "Learned Treatise" Assault

534

(1)

(f) Objections and Hypotheticals

535

(2)

(g) Impression Management

537

(1)

(1) Style of Dress

537

(1)

(2) Familiarity with Courtroom Protocol

537

(1)

(3) Speaking to the Jury

537

(1)

(4) Powerful Speech

537

(1)

(5) Maintaining Composure

538

(1)

(6) Conclusion

538

(1)

(h) Lay Attitudes toward Experts

538

(1)

18.05. The Ultimate-Issue Issue

539

(7)

(a) Perceived Importance of Opinions on Ultimate Legal Issues

540

(2)

(b) Pressures to Address Ultimate Legal Issues

542

(1)

543

(3)

Bibliography

546

(1)

Chapter 19. Sample Reports

547

(67)

19.01. Introduction

547

(1)

19.02. Competency to Stand Trial [Chapter 6]

548

(7)

(a) Harry Mills Report

548

(1)

(b) Discussion

549

(1)

550

(1)

(d) Discussion

551

(1)

(e) Fordham Rhodes Report

552

(2)

(f) Discussion

554

(1)

19.03. Competency to Plead and Confess [Chapter 5]

555

(3)

(a) Carl Bates Report

555

(3)

(b) Discussion

558

(1)

19.04. Mental State at the Time of the Offense [Chapter 8]

558

(9)

(a) Ed Wertz Report

558

(4)

(b) Discussion

562

(1)

563

(4)

(d) Discussion

567

(1)

19.05. Sentencing [Chapter 9]

567

(9)

(a) George Sanders Report

567

(4)

(b) Discussion

571

(1)

572

(4)

(d) Discussion

576

(1)

19.06. Civil Commitment [Chapter 10]

576

(2)

(a) J. Marlar Report

576

(1)

(b) Discussion

577

(1)

19.07. Competency to Handle Finances [Chapter 11]

578

(4)

(a) Dorothy Dyer Report

578

(3)

(b) Discussion

581

(1)

19.08. Workers' Compensation for Mental Injury [Chapter 12]

582

(3)

(a) Lane Cates Report

582

(2)

(b) Discussion

584

(1)

19.09. Reasonable Accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Act [Chapter 13]

585

(3)

(a) Mike Johnson Report

585

(2)

(b) Discussion

587

(1)

19.10. Transfer to Adult Court [Chapter 14]

588

(6)

(a) Tom Young Report

588

(5)

(b) Discussion

593

(1)

19.11. Dispositional Review [Chapter 15]

594

(6)

(a) George and Gerald Jones Report

594

(5)

(b) Discussion

599

(1)

19.12. Custody [Chapter 16]

600

(8)

(a) The Gonz-Jones Report

600

(7)

(b) Discussion

607

(1)

19.13. Evaluation under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [Chapter 17]

608

(6)

(a) Sam Shay Report

608

(5)

(b) Discussion

613

(1)

Chapter 20. Glossary

614

(29)

20.01. Legal Terms

614

(8)

20.02. Clinical and Research Terms

622

(21)

Notes

643

(138)

Index

781

Psychological Evaluations for the Courts, Second Edition A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers

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Table of Contents