Psychology of Learning and Behavior

by Schwartz, Barry

Edition: 5th

ISBN13: 9780393975918

ISBN10: 0393975916

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2001-09-19

Publisher(s): W. W. Norton & Company

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Summary

Now in its Fifth Edition, Psychology of Learning and Behavior is one of the most highly regarded texts in its field. Barry Schwartz, Steven Robbins, and new coauthor Edward Wasserman offer students an engaging introduction to the basic principles of Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, and comparative cognition. The text's critical approach exposes students to the unresolved problems and controversies surrounding behavior theory and encourages them to interpret the material and make connections between theories and real-life situations. With several hundred new references, a new emphasis on comparative cognition, and expanded treatment of neuroscience and the neural basis of learning, the Fifth Edition sets the standard in its coverage of contemporary theory and research.

Preface

xiii

Human Nature, Science, and Behavior Theory

(23)

Understanding

(1)

Understanding and Science

(2)

Causes, Generalizations, and Laws

(2)

Experimentation: The Tool of Science

(1)

Science end Human Nature

(2)

Psychology, Behavior Theory, and Learning

(2)

Philosophical Background of Behavior Theory

(3)

Descartes and Hobbes: Man as Machine

(2)

Associationism

(1)

Biological Background of Behavior Theory

(3)

Darwin and Evolution

(2)

The Emergence of Behavior Theory

(4)

Single Event Learning: Habituation

(1)

Event-Event Learning: Pavlovian Conditioning

(1)

Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning

(2)

Learning about Humans by Studying Animals

(1)

Summary

(3)

PART I Event Learning: Habituation and Pavlovian Conditioning

Single Event Learning: Habituation

(17)

Separating Habituation from Sensory Adaptation or Motor Fatigue

(4)

Evidence for a Learning Explanation

(3)

Applying the Principles: Response Recovery in Everyday Life

(1)

Condition: that Produce Habituation

(2)

Mechanisms of Habituation

(1)

Dual-Process Theories

(2)

Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Habituation

(2)

A Memory Theory of Habituation

(4)

Summary

(1)

Pavlovian Conditioning: Basic Phenomena

(29)

The Classic Conditioning Experiment

(1)

Acquisition and Extinction

(1)

The Scope of Pavlovian Conditioning Research

(2)

Eyeblink Conditioning

(1)

Conditioned Fear

(1)

Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Eyeblink Conditioning

(5)

Applying the Principles: Causes and Treatments of Phobia

(4)

Conditioned Keypecking

(1)

Taste Aversion Learning

(2)

The Need for Control Procedure: in Studies of Pavlovian Conditioning

(1)

Applying the Principles: food Aversions in Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy

(1)

Temporal Relation: between the CS and the US

(3)

Delay Conditioning

(1)

Simultaneous Conditioning

(1)

Temporal Conditioning

(1)

Backward Conditioning

(1)

Other Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning

(4)

The CS and the US

(1)

Qualitative Relations between CS and US

(3)

Constraints on Learning

(5)

Unbiased Environments

(2)

Unbiased Environments and Substitutability

(3)

Summary

(1)

Pavlovian Conditioning: Causal Factors

(21)

Necessary Condition: for Pavlovian Conditioning

(6)

Contingency

(3)

Locating the US in Time

(2)

Informativeness, Redundancy, and Blocking

(1)

Applying the Principles: Predictiveness, Fear, and Anxiety

(3)

Pavlovian Conditioning and Inhibition

(3)

Inhibition in the Nervous System

(1)

Conditioned Inhibition of Behavior

(1)

Detecting Inhibition

(1)

External Inhibition and Disinhibition

(1)

Indirect Measures of Inhibition

(1)

Direct Measures of Inhibition

(1)

Condition: Producing Inhibition

(4)

Extinction

(1)

Conditioned Inhibition Training

(1)

Negative Contingency Training

(1)

Inhibition of Delay

(1)

Discrimination and Generalization

(1)

Excitatory and Inhibitory Generalization Gradients

(2)

Backward Conditioning

(1)

Necessary Condition: for Inhibition

(1)

Applying the Principles: Experimental Neurosis

(1)

Summary

(2)

Pavlovian Conditioning: Explanations

(18)

The Rescorla-Wagner Theory

(5)

Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Compound Stimuli

(1)

Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Contingency

(1)

Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Inhibition

(1)

A Surprising Prediction

(1)

Conditioning and Changes in CS Effectiveness

(3)

Latent Inhibition

(2)

Learned Irrelevance

(1)

Another Look at Blocking

(1)

Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Changes in CS Processing

100

(3)

Surprise and CS Salience

103

(1)

Psychological Status of the Rescorla-Wagner Theory

103

(1)

Rehearsal and Conditioning

103

(2)

Blocking

105

(1)

Effects of Single Event Exposure on Conditioning

105

(1)

CS Preexposure (Latent Inhibition)

105

(1)

US Preexposure

105

(1)

Theories of Extinction

106

(2)

Summary

108

(1)

Pavlovian Conditioning: Storage and Response Output

109

(23)

What Is Learned in Conditioning?

109

(5)

Manipulating Representations

113

(1)

Neuroscience and Learning: A Neural Distinction between URs and CRs

114

(2)

Conditioned Inhibition: What Is Learned?

116

(2)

The Pavlovian Conditioned Response (CR)

118

(1)

The Adaptive Function of the Conditioned Response

119

(2)

CRs That Oppose URs

121

(1)

Opponent Process Theory

122

(2)

Challenges to the Conditioned Opponent Model

124

(1)

Role of Conditioning in Human Drug Abuse

125

(1)

Using Conditioning Principles to Treat Addiction

126

(3)

Extinction

126

(1)

Counterconditioning

127

(2)

Competing Response Training

129

(1)

Association: The Process Unifying Diverse CRs

129

(1)

Summary

130

(2)

PART II Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning: Basic Phenomena

132

(33)

The Law of Effect

133

(1)

The Behavior-Consequence Relation

134

(1)

Some Methodological Issues

134

(5)

Measuring the Operant Response

135

(1)

The Conditioning Chamber

135

(2)

What Is Operant Behavior?

137

(1)

Which Operant Behaviors Should Be Studied?

138

(1)

Conditioning and Extinction

139

(1)

Creating Behavioral Units

140

(2)

The Form of the Behavioral Unit

141

(1)

Constrained Operant-Reinforcer Learning

142

(2)

The Dancing Chicken

143

(1)

The Miserly Raccoon

143

(1)

Applying the Principles: Shaping New Behavior

144

(2)

The Nature of Reinforcement

146

(1)

Reinforcer Relativity

146

(1)

Applying the Principles: Eliminating Behavior

147

(3)

Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Reward

150

(3)

Conditioned Reinforcement

153

(5)

Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer--Predictiveness

153

(1)

Observing Responses

154

(2)

Token Reinforcers

156

(2)

The Function: of Conditioned Reinforcers

158

(1)

Applications of Token Reinforcement

158

(1)

Applying the Principles: Token Reinforcement in Education

159

(1)

Negative Side Effects of Reinforcement?

160

(3)

Summary

163

(2)

Operant Conditioning: Causal Factors and Explanations

165

(21)

What Produces Conditioning: Contiguity or Contingency?

166

(5)

Evidence for Contiguity

166

(1)

Superstition

167

(1)

Another Look at Superstition

168

(1)

Another Look at Contiguity and Conditioning

169

(2)

Contingency Learning

171

(4)

Contingency Learning in Infants

173

(1)

Learned Helplessness

174

(1)

Applying the Principles: Learned Helplessness and Depression

175

(3)

Contingency Learning in General

178

(4)

How Do Animals Form Contingency Judgments?

179

(3)

Operant Conditioning: What Is Learned?

182

(3)

Response-Reinforcer Learning

183

(1)

Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning

184

(1)

Stimulus-Response Associations

185

(1)

Summary

185

(1)

Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment and Avoidance

186

(29)

Conditioned Suppression

187

(1)

Punishment

188

(1)

The Effectiveness Of Punishment

189

(6)

Does Punishment Work?

190

(1)

Maximizing the Effects of Punishment

191

(2)

Punishment and General Suppression

193

(2)

Applying the Principles: Effectiveness of Punishment

195

(2)

Negativity of Punishment

197

(1)

Avoidance Behavior

197

(2)

Discrete-Trial Signaled Avoidance

198

(1)

Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Avoidance Learning

199

(3)

Shock Postponement

201

(1)

Theories of Aversive Control

202

(10)

Two-Factor Theory

203

(4)

Operant Theory

207

(1)

Cognitive Theory

208

(2)

Biological Theory

210

(2)

Applying the Principles: Eliminating Avoidance Behavior

212

(1)

Summary

213

(2)

The Maintenance of Behavior: Intermittent Reinforcement, Choice, and Economics

215

(32)

Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement

217

(1)

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedules

217

(1)

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules

217

(1)

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedules

218

(1)

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedules

218

(1)

Can Schedules Of Reinforcement Maintain Behavior?

218

(1)

Patterns of Behavior Maintained by Reinforcement Schedules

219

(2)

Schedules of Reinforcement in the Natural Environment

221

(3)

Fixed Ratios

221

(1)

Variable Ratios

222

(1)

Variable Intervals

222

(1)

Fixed Intervals

222

(2)

The Study of Choice: Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement

224

(7)

The Matching Law

225

(1)

The Matching Law in Operation

226

(5)

Applying the Principles: Procrastination

231

(3)

Matching and Maximizing

232

(2)

Neuroscience and Learning: Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Be Used to Study Choice Behavior and Matching

234

(3)

Choice and Foraging

236

(1)

Operant Behavior and Economics

237

(7)

The Concept of Demand

238

(2)

Demand and Income

240

(1)

Substitutability of Commodities

241

(1)

Open and Closed Economic Systems

242

(2)

Summary

244

(3)

PART III Complex Learning Processes

Stimulus Control of Operant Behavior

247

(28)

Pervasiveness of Stimulus Control Phenomena

248

(1)

Discrimination and Generalization

249

(1)

Procedure: for Studying Stimulus Control

250

(3)

The Process of Discrimination

253

(8)

Predictiveness and Redundancy

253

(2)

Discrimination Training as a Stimulus Selector

255

(1)

Discrimination Training and Incidental Stimuli

256

(3)

Attention in Discrimination Learning

259

(2)

The Process of Generalization: Excitation and Inhibition

261

(1)

The Peak Shift

261

(1)

Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Auditory Discrimination Learning

262

(7)

Transportation and the Nature of Perceptual Judgment

265

(4)

Compound Stimulus Control

269

(4)

Configural Stimulus Control

270

(1)

Positive Patterning

271

(1)

Negative Patterning

272

(1)

Biconditional Discrimination

272

(1)

Summary

273

(2)

Interactions between Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning

275

(23)

Distinguishing Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning

276

(7)

Operant Conditioning of Reflexive Responses

278

(1)

Pavlovian Conditioning of Voluntary Behavior

279

(1)

The Omission Procedure

280

(3)

Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior

283

(6)

Types of Pavlovian-Operant Combinations

285

(2)

Studies of Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior

287

(2)

Pavlovian Conditioned States as Information

289

(1)

Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning: One Underlying Process?

290

(6)

Competition between Operant Responses and Pavlovian CSs

291

(2)

Occasion Setting in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning

293

(3)

Summary

296

(2)

Behavior and Conceptualization

298

(20)

Discrimination and Generalization In a New Light

299

(1)

From Discrimination and Generalization to Conceptualization

300

(2)

Natural Concepts

302

(5)

Presence versus Absence of Objects from Natural Concepts

302

(1)

Discriminating Objects in Multiple Natural Concepts

303

(4)

Conceptualization Via Primary or Secondary Generalization

307

(3)

Nonsimilarity-based Conceptualization by Pigeons

308

(1)

Joint Category Learning by Pigeons

308

(2)

Abstract Concepts

310

(7)

Matching-to-sample by Pigeons

311

(1)

Oddity Learning by Pigeons

312

(3)

Same-different Learning by Pigeons

315

(2)

Summary

317

(1)

Memory and Cognition

318

(38)

Remembering and Language

320

(1)

Remembering and Knowing

321

(1)

Delayed Matching-to-Sample

321

(14)

Basic Methods and Findings

323

(3)

Trace Theory

326

(2)

Complexity and Flexibility of Memory

328

(7)

Memory Loss?

335

(1)

Selective Attention

336

(3)

Spatial Memory

339

(5)

Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Learning

344

(2)

Control By Time

346

(5)

Control By Number

351

(3)

Summary

354

(2)

Human Learning and Cognition: Learning about Causes

356

Conditioning and Causation

357

(1)

Causality Detection

357

(2)

David Hume and Causality

357

(1)

Causation as a Psychological Impression

358

(1)

Conditions of Causation

358

(1)

A Mechanical Model of Causality Perception

358

(1)

Factors that Affect Causal Judgments

358

(1)

Comparative Psychology of Causal Association

359

(1)

Empirical Investigations of Human Causality Detection

359

(7)

Contingency

359

(7)

Applying the Principles: Inhibition in Human Contingency Judgments

366

(2)

Reconciling Disparate Results

366

(1)

Temporal Contiguity

367

(1)

Applying the Principles: The Illusion of Control

368

(7)

Cue Competition

371

(4)

Applying the Principles: Blocking in Human Learning

375

(1)

Learning and Cognition: A Theoretical Perspective

376

(1)

Applying the Principles: Why People Believe Weird Things

377

(1)

Summary

378

References

(32)

Credits

(2)

Name Index

(6)

Subject Index

Psychology of Learning and Behavior

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