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Contents
Foreword by Paul Ekman xxi
Preface xxii
1 Introduction to Psychology 2
What Is Psychology? 5
Psychology Defined 5
Why Should You Study Psychology? 6
Psychology in the Real World: Why Psychology Is Important to My Life 7
Subdisciplines of Psychology 8
The Origins of Psychology 11
A Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology 11
A Brief History of Scientific Psychology 14
Psychological Perspectives: Explaining Human Behavior 20
Psychoanalytic-Psychodynamic 00
Behaviorism-Learning 00
Humanistic-Positive 00
Cognitive 00
Sociocultural/Cross-Cultural 00
Neuropsychological-Behavioral Genetic 00
Evolutionary 00
The Nature-Nurture Debate 20
The Evolution of Human Behavior 22
No One Perspective Tells the Whole Story in Psychology 26
Challenging Assumptions and Not Believing Everything You
Think—The Art of Critical Thinking 26
Connections within and between Chapters 27
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychology 28
Chapter Review 30
2 Conducting Research in Psychology 32
The Nature of Science 35
Common Sense and Logic 35
The Limits of Observation 35
What Is Science? 36
The Scientific Method 38
Research Process 39
What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience 40
Research Designs in Psychology 41
Principles of Research Design 41
Descriptive Studies 42
Correlational Studies 47
Experimental Studies 49
Longitudinal Studies xx
Twin-Adoption Studies xx
Meta-Analysis xx
Big Data xx
Challenging Assumptions in the Objectivity of Experimental Research 53
Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research 54
Self-Report Measures 54
Behavioral Measures 56
Physiological Measures 57
Making Sense of Data with Statistics 57
Descriptive Statistics 58
Inferential Statistics 59
Psychology in the Real World: Challenge the Assumptions of Advertisers’ Statistics 60
Research Ethics 62
Scientific Misconduct xx
Ethical Treatment of Human Participants 62
Ethical Treatment of Animals 64
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychological Research 66
Chapter Review 67
3 The Biology of Behavior 70
Genes and Behavior 73
Principles of Behavioral Genetics xx
The Connection between Genes and Behavior is Complex 74
The Relative Effects of Genes and Environment Can Be Teased Apart xx
The Environment Can Change Gene Expression: Epigenetics xx
The Nervous System 78
Organization of the Nervous System 78
The Cells of the Nervous System: Glial Cells and Neurons 79
Common Neurotransmitters 85
Summary of the Steps in Neural Transmission 89
The Brain 90
Evolution of the Human Brain 90
Overview of Brain Regions 92
Psychology in the Real World: Neuroprosthetics: Thought Control of Artificial Limbs 99
Brain Plasticity and Neurogenesis 100
Challenging Assumptions about Neural Growth in the Adult Brain 104
Early Evidence of Neurogenesis in Adults 104
Key Figures in the Discovery of Neural Growth in Adults 104
Measuring the Brain 106
Electroencephalography 106
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI (fMRI) 106
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 107
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) xxx
Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) xxx
Research Process 108
The Endocrine System 109
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Biology
of Behavior 111
Chapter Review 113
4 Sensing and Perceiving Our World 116
The Long, Strange Trip from Sensation to Perception 119
Basic Sensory Processes 119
Principles of Perception 119
Vision 123
Sensing Visual Stimuli 123
Perceiving Visual Stimuli 130
Hearing 140
The Physics of Sound and the Psychophysics of Hearing 140
The Ear 142
Psychology in the Real World: Hearing Loss Can Happen in Young People Too 143
Hearing in the Brain 143
The Bodily Senses 144
Touch 145
Pain 145
The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 148
Smell (Olfaction) 148
Taste 149
Synesthesia 151
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Sensation and Perception 152
Research Process 154
Chapter Review 156
5 Human Development 158
The Developing Fetus 161
Stages of Prenatal Development 161
Brain and Sensory Development before Birth 162
Nature and Nurture Influences on Fetal Development 165
Prenatal Personality Development 166
The Developing Infant and Child 167
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood 167
Early Cognitive Development 171
Psychology in the Real World: Musical Training Changes the Brain 172
Development of Moral Reasoning 178
Early Socioemotional Development 181
Research Process 179
The Developing Adolescent 187
Physical Development in Adolescence 188
Cognitive and Brain Development in Adolescence 188
Social Development in Adolescence 191
Personality Development in Adolescence xxx
The Developing Adult 193
Early Adulthood 193
Middle Adulthood 197
Late Adulthood 198
Death and Dying 201
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Human Development 202
6 Consciousness 208
What Is Consciousness? 210
Theories of Consciousness xxx
Two Dimensions of Consciousness: Wakefulness and Awareness 211
Minimal Consciousness xxx
Moderate Consciousness 213
Full Consciousness 213
Attention: Focusing Consciousness 214
Selective Attention 214
Psychology in the Real World: The Hazards of Distracted Driving 218
Sustained Attention 216
Multitasking: The Implications of Shifting Attention 217
Training Consciousness: Meditation 220
Meditation and Conscious Experience 221
Meditation Training and the Brain 221
Sleeping and Dreaming 222
Sleeping 222
Research Process 223
Dreaming 231
Hypnosis 233
Altering Consciousness with Drugs 236
Depressants 236
Stimulants 240
Hallucinogens 242
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Consciousness 245
Chapter Review 246
7 Memory 248
Forming Memories 251
Four Steps in Forming Memories xxx
Aids to Memory Formation xxx
Impediments to Memory Formation xxx
Types of Memory xxx
Three Major Types of Memory xxx
Memory and the Brain xxx
Neuroplasticity and Memory xxx
Psychology in the Real World: Manipulating Memory with Drugs and Drinks 266
Brain Regions Most Involved in Memory xxx
Challenging Assumptions in Brain Stimulation and Memory 268
Research Process 270
Malleability of Memory xxx
Reconsolidation xxx
Selective and Divided Attention xxx
Eyewitness Testimony xxx
False Memories xxx
Recovered Memories xxx
Suggestibility and Misinformation xxx
Forgetting and Memory Loss xxx
Forms of Forgetting 276
Memory Loss Caused by Brain Injury and Disease 279
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Memory 280
Chapter Review 282
8 Learning 284
Basic Processes of Learning 287
Association 287
Conditioning Models of Learning 287
Classical Conditioning 288
Operant Conditioning 292
Challenging Assumptions about Conditioning Models of Learning 301
Psychology in the Real World: Behavior Modification for the Treatment of Attentional Disorders 314
Social Learning Theory 306
How Nature and Nurture Work Together in Learning 310
Imprinting 311
Imitation, Mirror Neurons, and Learning 312
Research Process 313
Synaptic Change during Learning 314
Experience, Enrichment, and Brain Growth 316
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Learning 317
9 Language and Thought 322
Language 325
The Nature of Language 325
The Evolution of Language in Humans 326
Language Development in Individuals 326
Theories of Language Acquisition 329
Can Other Species Learn Human Language? 333
Language, Culture, and Thought 335
Research Process 338
Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making 337
How Do We Represent Thoughts in Our Minds? 339
How Do We Reason about Evidence? 342
Psychology in the Real World: Critical Thinking and Detecting Fake News 346
How Do We Make Judgments and Decisions? 345
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Language and Thought 352
Chapter Review 354
10 Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity 356
Intelligence 358
Defining Intelligence 359
Theories of Intelligence 359
Measuring Intelligence 363
Psychology in the Real World: Bringing Multiple Intelligences to School 364
Extremes of Intelligence 369
The Nature and Nurture of Human Intelligence 373
Group Differences in Intelligence Scores 377
Non-Western Views of Intelligence 378
Problem Solving 379
Types of Problems 380
Solution Strategies 381
Obstacles to Solutions 382
Creativity 383
What Is Creativity? 383
Stages of Creative Problem Solving 384
Creativity and the Brain 384
Research Process 386
Cognitive Processes in Creative Thinking 387
The Creative Personality 388
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity 389
Chapter Review 391
11 Motivation and Emotion 394
Motivation 397
Models of Motivation 397
Hunger: Survival of the Individual 401
Sex: Survival of the Species 407
Research Process 410
The Needs to Belong (Affiliation) and to Excel 413
Motivation in the Workplace 415
Emotion 418
What Are Emotions? 418
Emotion as a Process 422
Psychology in the Real World: Botox and Emotion 430
Emotion and the Brain 431
How Culture Impacts Emotion Expression 433
Gender and Emotion 434
Emotional Intelligence 435
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Motivation and Emotion 437
Chapter Review 439
12 Stress and Health 442
Stress 444
Stress as Stimulus or Response 445
The Physiology of Stress 447
Coping: The Management of Stress 453
Coping Strategies 453
The Positive Psychology of Coping 456
Psychology in the Real World: Does Stress Cause Aging? 458
How Stress and Coping Affect Health 459
The Birth of Psychoneuroimmunology 461
Psychological Risk Factors for Heart Disease 464
The Gut-Brain Axis: How the Critters in Our Intestines Affect Health, Mood, and Behavior xxx
Research on Health-Relevant Behavior 466
Research Process 470
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Stress and Health 472
Chapter Review 473
13 Personality: The Uniqueness of the Individual 476
Defining Personality 478
Perspectives on Personality 480
Psychoanalytic Theories 487
Humanistic-Positive Psychological Theories 494
Social-Cognitive Learning Theories 496
Trait Theories 496
Evolutionary-Biological Theories 498
The Origins of Personality 487
Genetics and Personality 481
Temperament and the Fetal Environment 483
Personality and Culture: Universality and Differences 483
Challenging Assumptions in Animal Personality 485
Research Process 509
How Is Personality Measured? 500
Behavioral Observation 500
Interviewing 501
Projective Tests 501
Personality Questionnaires 501
Social Network Measurement of Personality 502
Psychology in the Real World: Personality and Career Interest and Job Performance 504
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Personality 506
Chapter Review xxx
14 Social Behavior 512
Group Living and Social Influence 515
Conformity 515
Minority Social Influence 517
Obedience 518
Social Perception 521
Attribution 521
Detecting Deception 522
Schemas 523
Stereotypes 523
Exclusion and Inclusion 524
Psychology in the Real World: The Social Psychology of Social Networks 526
Prejudice and Discrimination 526
Challenging Assumptions in Social Behavior 528
Attitudes and Behavior 529
The Nature and Nurture of Attitudes 530
Attitude Change 530
Social Relations 533
The Nature and Nurture of Aggression 533
Prosocial Behavior 535
Liking, Attraction, and Love 539
Research Process 540
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Social Behavior 544
Chapter Review 546
15 Psychological Disorders 548
Defining Psychological Disorders 551
Neurodevelopmental Disorders 555
Types of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 555
Causes of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 556
Schizophrenia 558
Major Symptoms of Schizophrenia 558
Origins of Schizophrenia 559
Depressive Disorders 563
Origins of Depression 565
Research Process 566
Bipolar Disorder 567
Causes of Bipolar Disorder 568
Anxiety Disorders 569
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 570
Panic Disorder 570
Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) 571
Agoraphobia 571
Specific Phobias 572
Origins of Anxiety Disorders 572
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 574
Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 575
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 575
Dissociative Disorders 576
Dissociative Identity Disorder 576
Causes of Dissociative Disorders 577
Somatic Symptom Disorders 577
Personality Disorders 578
Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders 578
Dramatic-Emotional Personality Disorders 579
Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorders 580
Origins of Personality Disorders 580
Psychology in the Real World: Can Internet Use Become an Addiction? 582
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychological Disorders 583
Chapter Review 585
16 Treatment of Psychological Disorders 588
Biomedical Treatments for Psychological Disorders 590
Drug Therapies 591
Psychosurgery 595
Electric and Magnetic Therapies 595
Challenging Assumptions in the Treatment of Severe Depression 597
Effectiveness of Biomedical Treatments 598
Psychological Treatments for Psychological Disorders 600
Psychoanalytic Therapy 600
Humanistic/Positive Therapy 602
Behavior Therapies 603
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments 603
Group Therapy 605
Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments 607
Research Process 608
Technology-Based Treatments for Psychological Disorders 609
Effectiveness of Technology-Based Therapy 610
Combined Approaches 610
Drugs and Psychotherapy 610
Integrative Therapy 610
Mindfulness Training and Psychotherapy 611
Effectiveness of Combined Approaches 612
Psychology in the Real World: How to Choose a Therapist 614
Emerging Therapies 614
Psychedelic Medicine: A New Hope xxx
Preventing Disorders 617
Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Treatment of Psychological Disorders 618
Chapter Review 620
McGraw-Hill Psychology’s APA Style Documentation Guide
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Credits C-1
Name Index NI-1
Subject Index SI-1