Acknowledgements
Preface to Third Edition
Accompanying Online Resources for Instructors and Students
PART I - INTRODUCING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: CONCEPTS, PROCEDURES & PRACTICES
Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Psychopathology: Concepts, Paradigms & Stigma
Introduction
1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1.1.1 Demonic Possession
1.1.2 The Medical or Disease Model
1.1.3 From Asylums to Community Care
1.1.4 Summary
1.2 DEFINING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Deviation from the statistical norm
Deviation from social and political norms
Maladaptive Behaviour & Harmful Dysfunction
Distress and Disability
Summary
1.3 EXPLANATORY APPROACHES TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
1.3.1 Biological Models
1.3.1.1 Genetics
1.3.1.2 Neuroscience
Brain Structure & Function
Brain Neurotransmitters
1.3.1.3 Summary
1.3.2 Psychological Models
1.3.2.1 The Psychoanalytical or Psychodynamic Model.
1.3.2.2 The Behavioural Model
1.3.2.3 The Cognitive Model
1.3.2.4 The Humanist-Existential Approach
1.3.2.5 Summary
1.4 MENTAL HEALTH & STIGMA
What is mental health stigma?
Who holds stigmatizing beliefs about mental health problems?
What factors cause stigma?
Why does stigma matter?
How can we eliminate stigma?
1.5 CONCEPTS, PARADIGMS & STIGMA REVISITED
Chapter 2 – Classification & Assessment in Clinical Psychology
Introduction
2.1 CLASSIFYING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
2.1.1 The Development of Classification Systems
2.1.2 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
Defining and Diagnosing Psychopathology
General Problems with Classification
2.1.3 DSM-5
2.1.4 Developing Alternatives to DSM
Research Domains Criteria (RDoC)
Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)
Network Analyses
The Power Threat Meaning (PTM) Framework
2.1.5 Conclusions
2.2 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
2.2.1 The Reliability and Validity of Assessment Methods
2.2.1.1 Reliability
2.2.1.2 Validity
2.2.2 Clinical Interviews
The Nature of Clinical Interviews
Structured Interviews
Limitations of the Clinical Interview
2.2.3 Psychological Tests
Personality Inventories
Specific Trait Inventories
Projective Tests
Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT)
Intelligence Tests
Neurological Impairment Tests
2.2.4 Biologically-Based Assessments
Psychophysiological Tests
Neuroimaging Techniques
2.2.5 Clinical Observation
2.2.6 Cultural Bias in Assessment
Examples of Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
Causes of Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
Addressing Cultural Anomalies in Assessment and Diagnosis
Summary
2.3 CASE FORMULATION
2.4 CLASSIFICATION & ASSESSMENT IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVISITED
Chapter 3 – Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
Introduction
3.1 RESEARCH AND SCIENCE
3.1.1 What is Research?
3.1.2 Scientific Method
3.2 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH – WHAT DO WE WANT TO FIND OUT?
3.2.1 How does clinical psychology research help us to understand psychopathology?
3.2.2 What questions do clinical psychologists use research to try and answer?
3.3 RESEARCH DESIGNS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
3.2.1 Correlational Designs
3.2.2 Longitudinal Studies and Prospective Designs
3.2.3 Epidemiological Studies
3.2.4 Experimental Designs
3.2.4.1 Basic Features of the Experimental Method
3.2.4.2 Uses of the Experiment in Clinical Psychology Research
3.2.4.3 Summary
3.2.5 Mixed Designs
3.2.6 Natural Experiments
3.2.7 Single Case Studies
3.2.7.1 Case Studies
3.2.7.2 Single-Case Experiments
3.3.8 Mediators & Moderators
3.3.9 Meta-analyses & Systematic Reviews
3.3.10 Qualitative Methods
3.3.10.1 Conducting and Analysing Qualitative Studies
3.3.10.2 Summary
3.3.11 Summary of Research Designs in Clinical Psychology
3.4 ETHICAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH
3.4.1 Informed Consent
3.4.2 Causing Distress or Withholding Benefits
3.4.3 Privacy and Confidentiality
3.4.4 Summary of Ethical Issues
3.5 RESEARCH METHODS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVISITED
Chapter 4 – Treating Psychopathology
Introduction
4.1 THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF TREATMENTS FOR PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
4.1.1 Theoretical Approaches to Treatment
4.1.1.1 Psychodynamic Approaches
4.1.1.2 Behaviour Therapy
Therapies based on classical conditioning principles
Therapies based on operant conditioning principles
4.1.1.3 Cognitive Therapies
The Origins of Cognitive Therapy
‘Waves’ of CBT
4.1.1.4 Humanistic Therapies
4.1.1.5 Family & Systemic Therapies
4.1.1.6 Drug Treatments
Drug treatments for depression
Drug Treatments for Anxiety
Drug Treatments for Psychosis
Problems with Drug Treatments
4.1.1.7 Summary of Theoretical Approaches to Treatment
4.1.2 Modes of Treatment Delivery
Group Therapy
Counselling
Digital Technologies
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT)
Summary
4.2 EVALUATING TREATMENT
4.2.1 Factors affecting the evaluation of treatments
Spontaneous Remission
Placebo Effects
Unstructured attention, understanding and caring
4.2.2 Methods of assessing the effectiveness of treatments
4.2.2.1 Randomised Controlled Trials (RCT)
What are RCTs?
Problems with RCTs
4.2.2.2 Meta-analyses & Systematic Reviews
4.2.3 What treatments are effective?
Is treatment more effective than no treatment?
4.2.4 Summary
4.3 TREATING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY REVIEWED
Chapter 5 – Clinical Practice
Introduction
5.1 THE ECONOMIC COST OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
5.2 WHO ARE MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS?
5.3 PROVIDING MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
5.3.1 What Facilities are Available?
5.3.2 How are Mental Health Services Structured?
5.3.3 The Recovery Model
5.4 THE ROLE OF THE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
5.4.1 Key Capabilities & Competencies
5.4.2 The Reflective Practitioner Model
5.4.3 Regulation & Continuing Professional Development
5.4.4 Training to be a Clinical Psychologist
5.4.4.1 Pre-Training Qualifications & Experiences
5.4.4.2 Clinical Training
5.5 CLINICAL PRACTICE REVIEWED
PART II – PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Chapter 6 – Anxiety & Stressor-Related Problems
Introduction
Anxiety as a Comorbid Condition
6.1 SPECIFIC PHOBIAS
Prevalence
Common Phobias
6.1.1 The Aetiology of Specific Phobias
Psychoanalytic Accounts
Classical Conditioning and Phobias
Biological Accounts of Phobias – The Role of Evolution
Biological Accounts of Phobias - Neuroimaging Studies
Multiple Pathways to Phobias
6.1.2 The Treatment of Specific Phobias
6.2 SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER
Prevalence
6.2.1 The Aetiology of Social Anxiety Disorder
Genetic Factors
Familial & Developmental Factors
Cognitive Factors
6.2.2 The Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder
6.3 PANIC DISORDER & AGORAPHOBIA
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Prevalence
6.3.1 The Aetiology of Panic Disorder & Agoraphobia
6.3.1.1 The Aetiology of Panic Disorder
6.3.1.1.1 Biological Theories of Panic Disorder
Biological Factors
The Role of Hyperventilation
6.3.1.1.2 Psychological Theories of Panic Disorder
Classical conditioning
Anxiety Sensitivity
Catastrophic Misinterpretation of Bodily Sensations
Summary
6.3.2 The Treatment of Panic Disorder
6.4 GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD)
Diagnosis & Prevalence
Prevalence
6.4.1 The Aetiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
6.4.1.1 Biological Theories
6.4.1.2 Psychological Theories
Information processing biases in GAD
Beliefs about Worry and the Function of Worrying
Dispositional Characteristics of Worriers
6.4.2 The Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
6.4.2.1 Pharmacological Treatments
6.4.2.2 Psychological Treatments
Stimulus Control Treatment
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
6.5 OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)
Diagnosis & Prevalence
OCD-Related Disorders
6.5.1 The Aetiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
6.5.1.1 Biological Factors
6.5.1.2 Psychological Factors
6.5.1.2.1 Memory Deficits
6.5.1.2.2 Clinical Constructs and OCD
Inflated Responsibility
Thought-Action Fusion
Mental Contamination
6.5.1.2.3 Thought Suppression
6.5.1.2.4 Family Accommodation & Excessive Reassurance Seeking
6.5.1.2.5 Perseveration and the Role of Mood
6.5.1.2.6 Summary
6.5.2 The Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Problems in Treating OCD
Exposure & Ritual Prevention Treatments (EPR)
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
Pharmacological and Neurosurgical Treatments
6.6 TRAUMA & STRESS-RELATED DISORDERS
Diagnosis & Prevalence of Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders
6.6.1 The Aetiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Biological Factors
Vulnerability Factors
Avoidance & Dissociation
Conditioning Theory
Emotional Processing Theory
‘Mental Defeat’
Dual Representation Theory
Summary
6.6.2 The Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Psychological Debriefing
Exposure Therapies
Cognitive Restructuring
6.7 ANXIETY-BASED PROBLEMS REVIEWED
Chapter 7 – Depression & Mood Disorders
Introduction
7.1 MAJOR DEPRESSION
7.1.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF MAJOR DEPRESSION
7.1.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION & MOOD DISORDERS
7.1.2.1 Risk Factors for Depression
7.1.2.2 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Neurochemical Factors
Brain Abnormalities and Depression
Neuroendocrine Factors
Summary of Biological Theories
7.1.2.3 Psychological Theories
Psychodynamic Explanations
Behavioural Theories
Negative Cognitions & Self-Schema
Learned Helplessness and Attribution
Hopelessness Theory
Rumination Theory
7.2 BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
7.2.2.1 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Neurochemical Factors
7.2.2.2 Cognitive Deficits in Bipolar Disorder
7.2.2.3 Triggers for Depression & Mania in Bipolar Disorder
7.3 THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION
7.3.1 Biological Treatments
Antidepressant Medications
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
7.3.2 Psychological Treatments
Psychoanalysis
Social Skills Training
Behavioural Activation
Cognitive Therapy
7.4 NON-SUICIDAL SELF INJURY (NSSI)
7.5 SUICIDE
7.5.1 Risk factors for Suicide
7.5.2 Identifying and Preventing Suicide
7.6 DEPRESSON & MOOD DISORDERS REVIEWED
Chapter 8 – Experiencing Psychosis: Schizophrenia Spectrum Problems
Introduction
8.1 THE NATURE OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
8.1.1 Delusions
8.1.2 Hallucinations
8.1.3 Disorganised Thinking (Speech)
8.1.4 Grossly Disorganised or Abnormal Motor Behaviour
8.1.5 Negative Symptoms
8.2 THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS
8.2.1 Delusional Disorder
8.2.2 Brief Psychotic Disorder
8.2.3 Schizophrenia
8.2.4 Schizoaffective Disorder
8.3 THE PREVALENCE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDERS
8.4 THE COURSE OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
The Prodromal Stage
The Active Stage
The Residual Stage
8.5 THE AETIOLOGY OF PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
8.5.1 Biological Theories
Genetic Factors
Molecular Genetics
Brain Neurotransmitters
The Neuroscience of Schizophrenia
8.5.2 Psychological Theories
8.5.2.1 Psychodynamic Theories
8.5.2.2 Behavioural Theories
8.5.2.3 Cognitive Theories
8.5.2.3.1 Cognitive Deficits
8.5.2.3.2 Cognitive Biases
Attentional Biases
Attributional Biases
Reasoning Biases
Interpretational Biases
Theory of Mind (TOM)
8.5.2.4 Metacognitive Deficits
8.5.3 Sociocultural Theories
Social Factors
Familial Factors
8.5.4 Summary of Theories of Psychotic Symptoms
8.6 THE TREATMENT OF PSYCHOSIS
8.6.1 Biological Treatments
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and Psychosurgery
Antipsychotic Drugs
8.6.2 Psychological Therapies
Social Skills Training
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)
Personal Therapy
Cognitive Remediation Training
8.6.3 Family Interventions
8.6.4 Community Care
8.6.5 Summary of Treatment for Psychosis
8.7 EXPERIENCING PSYCHOSIS REVIEWED
Chapter 9 – Substance Use Disorders
Introduction
9.1 DEFINING AND DIAGNOSING SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.2 THE PREVALENCE AND COMORBIDITY OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE ABUSE DISORDERS
9.3.1 Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
Prevalence of Use
The Course of Alcohol Use Disorders
The Costs of Alcohol Use Disorders
Summary
9.3.2 Tobacco Use Disorder
Prevalence of Use:
Tobacco Use Disorder
The Costs of Nicotine Use
Summary
9.3.3 Cannabis Use Disorder
Prevalence of Use
Cannabis Use Disorder
The Costs of Cannabis Use Disorder
9.3.4 Stimulant Use Disorders
9.3.4.1 Cocaine
Prevalence of Use
Cocaine Use Disorder
The Costs of Cocaine Use Disorder
9.3.4.2 Amphetamines
Prevalence of Use
Amphetamine Use Disorder
The Costs of Amphetamine Use Disorder
9.3.4.3 Caffeine
9.3.5 Sedative Use Disorders
9.3.5.1 Opioids
Prevalence of Use
Opioid Use Disorder
The Costs of Opioid Use Disorder
9.3.6 Hallucinogenic-Related Disorders
9.3.6.1 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
Prevalence of Use
LSD Abuse and Dependency
The Costs of LSD Use
9.3.6.2 Ecstasy
Prevalence of Use
Ecstasy Regular Use
The Costs of Ecstasy Use
9.4 THE AETIOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.4.1 Experimentation
Availability
Familial Factors
Peer Group Influences
Media Influences
9.4.2 Regular Use
Mood Regulation
Self-Medication
Long-Term Expectations and Beliefs
Cultural Variables
9.4.3 Abuse and Dependence
Genetic Predisposition
Long-Term Substance-Induced Cognitive Deficits
Concurrent Psychiatric Diagnoses
Poverty
9.4.4 Summary
9.5 THE TREATMENT OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
9.5.1 Community-Based Programmes
9.5.2 Behavioural Therapies
Aversion Therapy
Contingency Management Therapy
9.5.3 Cognitive Behavioural Therapies (CBT)
9.5.4 Family & Couples Therapy
9.5.5 Biological Treatments
9.5.6 Summary
9.6 SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS REVIEWED
Chapter 10 – Eating Disorders
Introduction
10.1 DIAGNOSIS AND PREVALENCE
10.1.1 Anorexia Nervosa
10.1.2 Bulimia Nervosa
10.1.3 Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)
10.2 CULTURAL & DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN EATING DISORDERS
Cultural Differences
Demographic Factors within Cultures
10.3 THE AETIOLOGY OF EATING DISORDERS
10.3.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Influences
Neurobiological Factors
10.3.2 Sociocultural Influences
Media Influences, Body Dissatisfaction and Dieting
Peer Influences
Familial Factors
10.3.3 Experiential Factors
10.3.4 Psychological and Dispositional Factors
10.3.5 Cognitive Deficits
10.3.6 Transdiagnostic Models of Eating Disorders
10.3.7 Summary
10.4 THE TREATMENT OF EATING DISORDERS
Pharmacological Treatments
Family Therapy
The Maudsley Anorexia Nervosa Treatment for Adults (MANTRA)
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
Prevention Programmes
10.5 EATING DISORDERS REVIEWED
Chapter 11 – Sexual Problems
Introduction
11.1 DEFINING PATHOLOGICAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
11.2 SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS
11.2.1 Diagnosis of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.1.1 Specific Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.1.1.1 Disorders of Desire and Arousal
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Erectile Disorder
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
11.2.1.1.2 Disorders of Orgasm
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Delayed Ejaculation
Early Ejaculation
11.2.1.1.3 Sexual Pain Disorders
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
11.2.1.1.4 Summary of Specific Sexual Dysfunction Disorders
11.2.2 The Aetiology of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.2.1 Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.2.2 Theories of the Aetiology of Sexual Dysfunction
Psychanalytic Theory
The Two-Factor Model of Masters & Johnson
Sexual Dysfunction and Interpersonal Problems
The Role of Negative Emotion and Psychopathology
Remote vs Immediate Causes
Biological Causes
Sociocultural Causes
Summary
11.2.3 The Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions
11.2.3.1 Psychological and Behavioural Treatments
Direct Treatment of Symptoms
Couples Therapy
Sexual Skills and Communication Training
CBT for Sexual Dysfunction
Summary of Psychological Interventions for Sexual Dysfunction
11.2.3.2 Biological Treatments
Drug Treatments
Hormone Treatments
Mechanical Devices
11.2.3.3 Summary of Treatments of Sexual Dysfunction
11.2.4 Summary of Sexual Dysfunction
11.3 PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
11.3.1 The Diagnosis and Description of Paraphilic Disorders
Fetishistic disorder
Transvestic Disorder
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Voyeuristic disorder
Frotteuristic Disorder
Pedophilic Disorder
Sexual Masochism Disorder and Sexual Sadism Disorder
11.3.2 The Aetiology of Paraphilic Disorders
Risk Factors for Paraphilic disorders
The Psychodynamic Perspective
Classical conditioning
Childhood Abuse & Neglect
Dysfunctional Beliefs, Attitudes and Schemata
Biological Theories
Summary
11.3.3 The Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders
Behavioural Techniques
Cognitive Treatments
Relapse-Prevention Training
Hormonal and Drug Treatments
Summary of the Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders
11.3.4 Summary of Paraphilic Disorders
11.4 SEXUAL PROBLEMS REVIEWED
Chapter 12 – Personality Disorders
Introduction
12.1 CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.1.1 The Categorical Approach to Personality Disorders in DSM-IV-TR & DSM-5
12.1.2 Problems with the Traditional Categorical Model
12.1.3 DSM-5’s Alternative Model
Level of Personality Functioning
Pathological Personality Traits
Specific Personality Disorders
12.1.4 Summary
12.2 PERSONALITY DISORDERS & THEIR DIAGNOSIS
12.2.1 Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders (Cluster A)
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
12.2.2 Dramatic/Emotional Personality Disorders (Cluster B)
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Borderline Personality Disorder (BDP)
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
12.2.3 Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders (Cluster C)
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
12.2.4 Summary
12.3 THE PREVALENCE OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.4 THE AETIOLOGY OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
12.4.1 Odd/Eccentric Personality Disorders (Cluster A)
Psychodynamic Approaches
The Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
12.4.2 Dramatic/Emotional Personality Disorders (Cluster B)
12.4.2.1 Antisocial Personality Disorder
Childhood and Adolescent Behavioural Precursors of APD
Developmental Factors
Genetic Factors
Physiological and Neurological Factors
Cognitive Models
Summary of Theories of Antisocial Personality Disorder
12.4.2.2 Borderline Personality Disorder
Risk Factors for Borderline Personality Disorder
Biological Theories of BPD
Psychological Theories of BPD
Diathesis-Stress Models of BPD
12.4.2.3 Narcissistic Personality Disorder
12.4.2.4 Histrionic Personality Disorder
12.4.3 Anxious/Fearful Personality Disorders (Cluster C)
12.4.3.1 Avoidant Personality Disorder
12.4.3.2 Dependent Personality Disorder
12.4.3.3 Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
12.4.3.4 Summary of the Aetiology of Personality Disorders
12.5 TREATING PEOPLE WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF PERSONALITY DISORDER
12.5.1 Drug Treatments
12.5.2 Psychodynamic and Insight Approaches
12.5.3 Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
12.5.4. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
12.5.5 Schema-Focused Cognitive Therapy
12.5.6 Summary of Treatments for People with a Diagnosis of Personality Disorder
12.6 PERSONALITY DISORDERS REVIEWED
Chapter 13 – Somatic Symptom Disorders
Introduction
13.1 THE DIAGNOSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Factitious Disorder
13.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Interpretations
Consciousness and Behaviour
Risk Factors for Somatic Symptom Disorders
Learning approaches
Cognitive Factors
Sociocultural Approaches
Biological Factors
Summary
13.3 THE TREATMENT OF SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Therapy
Behaviour Therapy
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Drug Treatments
Summary
13. 4 SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS REVIEWED
Chapter 14 – Dissociative Experiences
Introduction
14.1 THE DIAGNOSIS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS.
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Depersonalization Disorder
14.1.2 Dissociative Disorders & PTSD
14.2 THE AETIOLOGY OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Risk Factors for Dissociative Disorders
Psychodynamic Theories
The Role of Fantasy and Dissociative Experiences
Cognitive Approaches
Biological Explanations
Dissociative Symptoms as Role-Playing and Therapeutic Constructions
Summary
14.3 THE TREATMENT OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Psychodynamic Therapy
Hypnotherapy
Drug Treatments
Summary
14.4 DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS REVIEWED
Chapter 15 – Neurocognitive Disorders
Introduction
15.1 THE DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS
15.1.1 Cognitive Impairments in Neurocognitive Disorders
Learning and memory deficits
Deficits in attention and arousal
Language Deficits
Deficits in visual-perceptual functioning
Motor Skill deficits
Deficits in Executive Functions
Deficits in Higher-Order Intellectual Functioning
15.1.2 Assessment in Clinical Neuropsychology
15.1.3 The Diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorders
15.1.3.1 Difficulties of Diagnosis
15.1.3.2 DSM-5 Neurocognitive Disorder Diagnostic Categories
Delirium
Major or Minor Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs)
15.1.3.3 TYPES OF MAJOR NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER
15.1.3.3.1 NCD due to HIV Infection
15.1.3.3.2 NCD due to Prion Disease
15.1.3.3.3 NCD due to Traumatic Brain Injury
15.1.3.3.4 Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
15.1.3.3.5 Degenerative Disorders
15.1.3.3.5.1 NCD due to Alzheimer’s Disease
Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease
Aetiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
15.1.3.3.5.2 Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder
15.1.3.3.5.3 NCD due to Parkinson’s Disease & NCD with Lewy Bodies
15.1.3.3.5.4 NCD due to Huntington’s Disease
15.1.3.3.5.5 Summary of Types of Neurocognitive Disorder
15.2 TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION FOR NEUROCOGNTIVE DISORDERS
15.2.1 Biological Treatments
Drug Treatments
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
15.2.2 Cognitive Rehabilitation
Attention Deficits
Visuospatial Deficits
Apraxia and Deficits in Coordinated Self-Help Behaviours
Language and Communication Deficits
Memory Deficits
Deficits in Executive Functioning
Holistic Rehabilitation Methods
15.2.3 Caregiver Support Programmes
15.2.4 Summary of Treatments and Rehabilitation for Neurocognitive Disorders
15.3 NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS REVIEWED
Chapter 16 – Childhood & Adolescent Psychological Problems
Introduction
16.1 THE DIAGNOSIS & PREVALENCE OF CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS: SOME GENERAL ISSUES
16.1.1 Difficulties associated with identification and diagnosis of childhood and adolescent psychological problems
16.1.2 Childhood Psychopathology as the Precursor of Adult Psychopathology
16.1.3 The Prevalence of Childhood & Adolescent Psychological Disorders
16.2 DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS
16.2.1 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
16.2.1.1 The Diagnosis of ADHD
16.2.1.2 The Prevalence of ADHD
16.2.1.3 The Consequences of ADHD
16.2.1.4 The Aetiology of ADHD
16.2.1.4.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Factors
Neuroscience
Pre-natal Factors
Environmental Toxins
16.2.1.4.2 Psychological Factors
Parent-Child Interactions
Theory of Mind (TOM) Deficits
16.2.1.5 Summary
16.2.2 CONDUCT DISORDER
16.2.2.1 The Diagnosis of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.2 The Prevalence and Course of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.3 The Aetiology of Conduct Disorder
16.2.2.3.1 Biological Factors
Genetic Factors
Neuropsychological Deficits
Prenatal Factors
16.2.2.3.2 Psychological Factors
The Family Environment and Parent-Child Relationships
Media and Peer Influences
Cognitive Factors
Socioeconomic Factors
16.2.2.4 Summary
16.3 CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION
16.3.1 Childhood Anxiety
16.3.1.1 The Features and Characteristics of Childhood & Adolescent Anxiety Problems
Separation Anxiety
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Specific Phobias
16.3.1.2 The Aetiology of Childhood & Adolescent Anxiety Problems
Genetic Factors
Trauma and Stress Experiences
Modelling and Exposure to Information
Parenting Style
16.3.2 Childhood & Adolescent Depression
16.3.2.1 The Diagnosis and Prevalence of Childhood & Adolescent Depression
16.3.2.2 The Aetiology of Childhood & Adolescent Depression
Risk Factors of Childhood Depression
Genetic Factors
Psychological Factors
16.4 THE TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
16.4.1 Drug Treatments
16.4.2 Behaviour Therapy
16.4.3 Family Interventions
16.4.4 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
16.4.5 Play Therapy
16.4.6 Prevention Strategies
16.4.7 Summary of Treatment of Childhood & Adolescent Psychological Problems
16.5 CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS REVIEWED
Chapter 17 – Neurodevelopmental Disability & Diversity
Introduction
17.1 THE HISTORY OF CATERGORIZING AND LABELLING NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES & DIVERSITIES
17.2 SPECIFIC LEARNING PROBLEMS
17.2.1 Specific Learning Disorder
Dyslexia
Dyscalculia
17.2.2 Communication Disorders
Language Disorder
Speech Sound Disorder
Childhood-onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
17.2.3 The Aetiology of Specific Learning Disabilities
17.2.3.1 Dyslexia
Genetic Factors
Cognitive Factors
Brain Function
17.2.3.2 Dyscalculia
17.2.3.3 Communication Disorders
17.2.4 Treatment & Support for Specific Learning Problems
17.2.5 Summary of Specific Learning Problems
17.3 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
17.3.1 DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability
17.3.2 Alternative Approaches to Defining Intellectual Disability
17.3.3 The Prevalence of Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.4 The Aetiology of Intellectual Disability
17.3.4.1 Biological Causes
Chromosomal Disorders
Metabolic Disorders
Perinatal Causes
17.3.4.2 Childhood Causes
17.3.4.3 Summary
17.3.5 Support and Interventions for Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.5.1 Prevention Strategies
17.3.5.2 Training Procedures
17.3.5.3 Inclusion Strategies
17.3.5.4 Summary of Support and Intervention for Intellectual Disabilities
17.3.6 Summary of Intellectual Disabilities
17.4 AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)
17.4.1 The Characteristics of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Impairments of reciprocal social interaction
Impairments in communication
Impairments in imagination and flexibility of thought
Intellectual Deficits
17.4.2 The Diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.3 The Prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.4 The Aetiology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.4.1 Biological Causes
Genetic Factors
Perinatal Factors
Brain Function
17.4.4.2 Cognitive Factors
Deficits in Executive Functioning
Theory of Mind Deficits
The Empathizing-Systematizing Theory
17.4.4.3 Summary of the Aetiology of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.5 Support and Interventions and Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.5.1 Difficulties in the treatment of individuals with severe autistic spectrum disorder
17.4.5.2 Drug Treatments
17.4.5.3 Behavioural Training Methods
17.4.5.4 Inclusion Strategies
17.4.5.5 Summary of Support & Interventions for Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.4.6 Summary of Autistic Spectrum Disorder
17.5 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY & DIVERSITY REVIEWED
Index
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