|
|
|
xxxiii | |
| Introduction |
|
li | |
| Acknowledgements |
|
liv | |
| Chronology |
|
lv | |
| Late antique rulers |
|
lix | |
| Permissions |
|
lxiv | |
|
|
|
1 | (68) |
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
The emperor and the imperial office |
|
|
2 | (9) |
|
Cautious advice for an all-powerful monarch |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
The emperor as the source of instability |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
The Christian emperor looks to heaven |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
The emperor as the embodiment of law |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
The emperor's role in war and peace |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
The imperial right to interfere in church affairs |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
The emperor as priest - Justinian's view |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Challenging imperial interference in church affairs |
|
|
7 | (1) |
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|
7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (8) |
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11 | (1) |
|
Entrance requirements for the bureaucracy |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
The honor of serving the emperor |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Corruption and suffering in the provinces |
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|
13 | (1) |
|
Bishops in the imperial administration |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
An able emperor relies on his advisory council |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
A top official's close ties to the monarch |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
A hierarchy of administrators supervised by the emperor |
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|
17 | (1) |
|
Access to the emperor for all citizens |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
Patrons are the best protection |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
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|
19 | (3) |
|
The importance of decurions |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
The generosity of city senators |
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|
19 | (2) |
|
Praises for a city's patron |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Imperial administrators and cities |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
A patron from the outside |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
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|
22 | (4) |
|
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|
22 | (1) |
|
Rome, center of the world |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
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|
24 | (1) |
|
Protecting and restoring Rome's buildings |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
|
26 | (3) |
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|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Rome's place in God's plan: the Eusebian background |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Augustine on the sacred significance of Rome |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Rome becomes a Christian center |
|
|
29 | (5) |
|
A martyr foresees Rome's Christian future |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Christian citizens of Rome |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
The primacy of the bishop of Rome |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
|
34 | (4) |
|
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Advancing against the East |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
Justinian's Saint Sophia-a temple to rival Solomon's |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
The center of Constantinople |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
|
|
38 | (8) |
|
The individual character of a city: Alexandria |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
Spilling blood for entertainment |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
The end of gladiatorial combat |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
The people of Rome expect entertainment |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Charioteers were public heroes |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Belisarius celebrates a triumph |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
An emperor almost falls: the Nika Riots |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
Secular and Christian education |
|
|
46 | (12) |
|
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
Training for imperial service |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
Should Christian students read the pagan classics? |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
Julian on proper education |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Christ or Cicero? Jerome's choice |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Christian curriculum taught on a Roman model-in Syria |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Preserving classical and Christian learning |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
No place for secular literature |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Students murder a Christian schoolmaster |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Reducing teachers' salaries |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Searching for a teacher: the case of Ananias of Shirak |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
|
58 | (11) |
|
Natural disasters and local economies |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Diocletian's edict on maximum prices |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
Justinian's edict on the regulation of skilled labor |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Slavery is taken for granted |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
An international trade in humans |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Parents prevented from selling their children |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
|
|
69 | (34) |
|
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
Reorganization of the army |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
The decline of border defenses: Constantine's fault? |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
|
71 | (11) |
|
Elephants vs. legionaries |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
How to establish frontier defense |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Border defense crumbles away on the Danube |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
The siege of Amida -- a lucky escape |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
The wounded after a battle |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Soldiers within the empire |
|
|
82 | (5) |
|
Soldiers protect civilian life |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
An extortion racket in Syria |
|
|
83 | (3) |
|
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Manpower shortages? The problems of recruitment |
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Sons of soldiers must enlist |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Enforced recruitment and draft evasion |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Slaves are permitted to enlist |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Exemptions from military service |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
|
90 | (7) |
|
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
Recruiting grounds and imperial borders |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Strategy, tactics and training |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Discipline and punishment |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Billeting Goths in Edessa |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
|
97 | (6) |
|
The Passion of Saint Marcellus |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
The Christian military vocation |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
|
|
103 | (63) |
|
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
|
104 | (7) |
|
God helps Constantine: ``In this sign you will conquer'' |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
``Through divine inspiration'' |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
A voice in the garden leads Augustine to conversion |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
Christian peace after a busy public life |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
A Frankish king accepts Catholicism |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
|
|
111 | (3) |
|
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
|
114 | (11) |
|
Bishops as administrators |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
How should a bishop behave? |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Augustine chooses his successor |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Giving up a quiet life to become pope |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
Public debate: Augustine vs. a Manichaean |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Constantine and the bickering bishops |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
Vicious debate at a church council |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
The consequences of losing: Nestorius describes his enemies |
|
|
120 | (3) |
|
An apology for differences of opinion among Christians |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
An archbishop's schedule of bribes |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Legal functions of bishops |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
|
125 | (10) |
|
Arius and the human nature of Christ |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
The Council of Chalcedon and Nestorianism |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
Christ's two natures unified |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Mary and the virgin birth |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
The ``Three Chapters'' controversy |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (5) |
|
The martyrdom of Timothy of Gaza |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Mar Kardagh: a martyr in Persia |
|
|
136 | (2) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Violation of tombs in search of relics |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Send me the head of Saint Paul! |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
|
140 | (6) |
|
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Constantine and Jerusalem's holy sites |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Paula -- a pious Roman aristocrat in Jerusalem |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Heraclius restores the Cross to Jerusalem |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
|
146 | (11) |
|
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Simeon the Stylite: public ascetic acts draw crowds |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
John Cassian's rules for monastic life |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Benedict on the Twelve Degrees of Humility |
|
|
151 | (3) |
|
the difficulities of monastic life |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Female founders of monasteries |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Monks on a rampage: the destructive side of piety |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
Celebration of the Eucharist |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
Prayers, priests and the people |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
Calendars and apocalyptic literature |
|
|
159 | (5) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
``Anno Domini'' -- the Christian calendar begins |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Apocalyptic: the oracle of Baalbek |
|
|
160 | (2) |
|
Arabs in apocalyptic vision |
|
|
162 | (2) |
|
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
|
|
164 | (2) |
|
|
|
166 | (26) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Varieties of religious experience |
|
|
167 | (10) |
|
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
Sacrificing a bull to Mithras |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
The art and effects of prayer |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
The importance of sacrifice |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
The grave monument of an aristocratic pagan couple in Rome |
|
|
172 | (2) |
|
Worship in the countryside |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
The end of the Secular Games |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Imperial edict against Manichaeism |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
Suppression of polytheism |
|
|
177 | (7) |
|
Roman legislation against pagan practices |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Christian resentment of pagan sacrifice |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Churches built on pagan sites: the temple of Zeus Marnas in Gaza (402--7) |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Saint Nicholas chops down sacred trees |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Non-religious festivals suppressed |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Difficulties of conversion |
|
|
184 | (8) |
|
Neither pagan nor Christian |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Tell your peasants what to do |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Conversion, class and coercion |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Mass conversions as imperial policy |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Purge of intellectuals at Constantinople |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Julian the apostate and the Antiochenes |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Resistance in North Africa |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
The Altar of Victory dispute |
|
|
190 | (2) |
|
|
|
192 | (25) |
|
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Discrimination against Jews in Roman law |
|
|
193 | (6) |
|
Jews may not own Christian slaves |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Jews and Christians may not marry one another |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Christians may not become Jews |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Jews allowed in municipal senates |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Should translations of the Bible be used in synagogue worship? |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Discrimination in church law |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Imperial protectin of the Jewish community: synagogues and property rights |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
The State reserves the right of punishment for itself |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
Ambrose challenges the emperor: the Callinicum affair |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
Julian and the temple in Jerusalem |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Christian justification of anti-Jewish behavior |
|
|
199 | (7) |
|
What did Jews do wrong in Christian eyes? |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
The attraction of Judaism to Christians in condemned |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
Disappointment with a false Messiah -- and conversion |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
|
|
206 | (2) |
|
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Destruction of the symbols of persecution |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Jews defend Naples in 535 |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Jews help the Persians take Jerusalem |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Daily life in Jewish communities |
|
|
208 | (9) |
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Jews lose self-government: the end of the patriarchate |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
Legal differences between men and women, c.500 |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Hebrew liturgy in synagogues |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Mourning the destruction of the Temple |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Jews in the Islamic world |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
|
|
217 | (21) |
|
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
|
217 | (3) |
|
Helena -- empress and church benefactor |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
The empress refuses to panic: Theodora during the Nika Riot |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Aristocratic female virtues |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Death of a scholar: Hypatia of Alexandria |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (8) |
|
Olympias -- aristocratic habits and spiritual values |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Defying family expectations in Ireland |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Saint Pelagia the Harlot: sin and salvation |
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
Tarbo, a Christian martyr in Persia |
|
|
225 | (3) |
|
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
The pain of abandoning a concubine |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Exposure of unwanted infants |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
231 | (5) |
|
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Women's right to prosecute in court |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
The new status of celibacy |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
Legitimacy and inheritance |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Women benefit from Roman law |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
Women making babies: a medical view |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Women's bodies and bearing children |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
|
|
238 | (12) |
|
|
|
238 | (6) |
|
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
A hostile view of lawyers |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
Judges must be supervised |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Law courts closed on Sunday |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (6) |
|
Why is legislation always necessary? |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
The comparison of Roman and Mosaic law |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
|
247 | (3) |
|
|
|
250 | (14) |
|
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
250 | (5) |
|
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
Medical experience vs. received opinion |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Care of the sick and cures |
|
|
255 | (5) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
|
|
260 | (4) |
|
The Great Plague (542--570) |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
The plague strikes Constantinople |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Farmers avoid plague-ridden cities |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
|
264 | (17) |
|
|
|
264 | (17) |
|
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
The three hypostases: the One, Nous, and Soul |
|
|
265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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Intellectual beauty and contemplation |
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266 | (1) |
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Julian's hymn to Helios, god of the sun |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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The life and education of Proclus |
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270 | (3) |
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Athenian philosophers go to Persia |
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273 | (1) |
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Philoponus and the creation of the world |
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274 | (1) |
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The consolation of philosophy |
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275 | (3) |
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Martianus Capella on the shape of the universe |
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278 | (1) |
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Macrobius on the descent of the soul |
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278 | (3) |
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281 | (18) |
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281 | (18) |
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The ideal Sasanian monarch |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (1) |
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The struggle of light and darkness |
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285 | (2) |
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A trip to Hell and Heaven |
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287 | (2) |
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Expansion of Zoroastrianism |
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289 | (1) |
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Christians in Roman---Persian negotiations |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
|
The reforms of Khusro Anushirwan |
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292 | (1) |
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Roman hostility in the later sixth century |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
|
Justinian breaks Persia's silk monopoly |
|
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294 | (1) |
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The siege of Constantinople in 626 |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
|
The Cross restored to Jerusalem |
|
|
296 | (3) |
|
Germanic invaders and successor states |
|
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299 | (19) |
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299 | (19) |
|
Early Visigothic communities |
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300 | (1) |
|
Adrianople: an unexpected catastrophe in 378 |
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300 | (1) |
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Destruction of Visigothic draftees |
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301 | (1) |
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Picking up the pieces after Adrianople |
|
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302 | (1) |
|
Improving relations with Rome |
|
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303 | (1) |
|
Settlement of the Goths in Aquitania |
|
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
|
An Italian ambassador at the Visigothic court |
|
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305 | (1) |
|
How strange to learn German! |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Romans deserve their fate! The interpretation of Salvian of Marseilles |
|
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307 | (1) |
|
Theodoric's wise rule in Italy |
|
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308 | (1) |
|
Tensions of acculturation |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Care for the Roman legacy |
|
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310 | (1) |
|
|
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311 | (1) |
|
Saint Severinus -- hero of a crumbling frontier |
|
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
|
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (17) |
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|
318 | (1) |
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318 | (10) |
|
Huns: unknown and terrible invaders |
|
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (3) |
|
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323 | (1) |
|
Why didn't Attila sack Rome? |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
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325 | (1) |
|
The death and burial of Attila |
|
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325 | (1) |
|
Hun raiding in the Middle East |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Huns force Romans and Persians to co-operate |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Conversion of Huns and imperial ritual |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
Characteristics of Avar society |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Avars at the Byzantine court |
|
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329 | (1) |
|
Persians and Avars attack Constantinople |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
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331 | (2) |
|
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|
331 | (2) |
|
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
A glimpse of early Slavic society |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
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|
335 | (21) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (4) |
|
Pre-Islamic oral poetry: a death lament |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Arab allies of dangerous superpowers |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Arabian religion before Islam |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
339 | (17) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
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|
|
341 | (1) |
|
A criticism of Christianity |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
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|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
|
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342 | (1) |
|
From oral tradition to written text |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Muhammad's ordinance for Medina |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
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345 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Jerusalem surrenders, 636 |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
A clear choice for Jews: Arabs welcomed to Hebron |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Mosques, symbols of imperial power |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Arabic, the new administrative language |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
An early non-Muslim view of Muhammad |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (2) |
| Appendix: Late Antiquity on the Web |
|
356 | (2) |
| Index of ancient sources |
|
358 | (6) |
| Index |
|
364 | |
Other versions by this Author