Reclaiming Two-Spirits Sexuality, Spiritual Renewal & Sovereignty in Native America
by Smithers, Gregory D.; Heavy Runner, Raven E.We're Sorry
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Summary
Reclaiming Two-Spirits decolonizes the history of gender and sexuality in Native North America. It honors the generations of Indigenous people who had the foresight to take essential aspects of their cultural life and spiritual beliefs underground in order to save them.
Before 1492, hundreds of Indigenous communities across North America included people who identified as neither male nor female, but both. They went by aakíí’skassi, miati, okitcitakwe, or one of hundreds of other tribally specific identities. After European colonizers invaded Indian Country, centuries of violence and systematic persecution followed, imperiling the existence of people who today call themselves Two-Spirits, an umbrella term denoting feminine and masculine qualities in one person.
Drawing on written sources, archaeological evidence, art, and oral storytelling, Reclaiming Two-Spirits spans the centuries from Spanish invasion to the present, tracing massacres and inquisitions and revealing how the authors of colonialism’s written archives used language to both denigrate and erase Two-Spirit people from history. But as Gregory Smithers shows, the colonizers failed—and Indigenous resistance is core to this story. Reclaiming Two-Spirits amplifies their voices, reconnecting their history to Native nations in the 21st century.
Author Biography
Table of Contents
Series Note, by Michael Bronski
A Note About Language
About the Cover Art
Prologue
PART 1: JUDGMENTS
CHAPTER 1
Invasion
CHAPTER 2
“Hermaphrodites”
CHAPTER 3
Sin
CHAPTER 4
Effeminacy
CHAPTER 5
Strange
PART 2: STORIES
CHAPTER 6
Resilience
CHAPTER 7
Place
CHAPTER 8
Paths
PART 3: RECLAIMING
CHAPTER 9
Reawakening
CHAPTER 10
Two-Spirits
CHAPTER 11
Love
CHAPTER 12
Futures
Acknowledgments
Notes
Image Credits
Index
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