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List of Tables and Figures |
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vii | |
About the Authors |
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ix | |
Preface |
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xi | |
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1 | (23) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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A Hundred Years of European History |
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6 | (7) |
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13 | (9) |
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Appendix: Using the Internet and Other Resources to Keep Up with Changes in European Politics |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (33) |
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Presidential and Parliamentary Government |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (10) |
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Semi-Presidentialism in France |
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26 | (3) |
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Directly Elected Presidents |
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29 | (2) |
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Indirectly Elected Presidents |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (5) |
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40 | (4) |
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44 | (1) |
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The Making and Breaking of Governments |
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44 | (10) |
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Parliamentary Democracy and Legislative Majorities |
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44 | (3) |
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Heads of State and Formateurs |
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47 | (3) |
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Choosing Cabinet Ministers |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (29) |
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Parliaments and Governments |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (10) |
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Appointing and Dismissing Governments |
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60 | (1) |
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Parliaments and Lawmaking |
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61 | (5) |
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Parliaments and Oversight of Government |
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66 | (4) |
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70 | (4) |
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72 | (1) |
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Parliamentarians and Party Discipline |
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73 | (1) |
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Parliamentarians and Constituency Representation |
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74 | (2) |
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European Parliaments: One Chamber or Two? |
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76 | (5) |
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The Significance of Parliaments: An Assessment |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (4) |
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Constitutions, Judges, and Politics |
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86 | (29) |
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87 | (6) |
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The Origins of Constitutions |
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87 | (2) |
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Constitutional Traditions |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (12) |
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94 | (7) |
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101 | (4) |
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The Appointment of Judges |
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105 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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Conclusion: Judges and Representative Government |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (3) |
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The European Union and Representative Government |
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115 | (39) |
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The Development of European Unity |
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116 | (3) |
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How the European Union Works |
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119 | (17) |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (6) |
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The Council of the European Union |
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129 | (3) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (3) |
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What Does the European Union Do? |
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136 | (7) |
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Single Market and Single Currency |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (4) |
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The European Union: Intergovernmental or Supranational Organization? |
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143 | (2) |
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The Future of the European Union |
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145 | (3) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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The Institutional Framework |
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147 | (1) |
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Representative Government and the ``Democratic Deficit'' |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (4) |
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154 | (33) |
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Politicians and the Civil Service |
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155 | (9) |
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157 | (2) |
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The Politicization of Senior Bureaucrats |
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159 | (4) |
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Conclusion: The Increasing Accountability of Public Servants? |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Federal Government in Modern Europe |
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164 | (6) |
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Federal Government in Switzerland |
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165 | (2) |
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Federal Government in Germany |
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167 | (2) |
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Decisions Against Federalism in Eastern Europe |
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169 | (1) |
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The Growing Importance of Regional Government |
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170 | (3) |
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Regional Government in Spain |
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170 | (1) |
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The ``Devolution'' of Power in the United Kingdom |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (11) |
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The Structure of Local Government |
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174 | (2) |
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The Functions, Finances, and Autonomy of Local Government |
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176 | (6) |
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Popular Participation in Local Decisions |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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Patterns in Party Politics and Party Systems |
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187 | (43) |
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Nine European Party Systems |
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187 | (34) |
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Party Politics in the United Kingdom |
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187 | (5) |
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192 | (2) |
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Party Politics in Germany |
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194 | (5) |
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Party Politics in the Netherlands |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (4) |
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216 | (5) |
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The Diversity of Modern European Party Politics |
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221 | (6) |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (33) |
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231 | (10) |
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231 | (4) |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (2) |
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Families of the Center and Right |
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241 | (13) |
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241 | (4) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (3) |
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The Agrarian or Center Parties |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (2) |
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Party Families in Postcommunist Europe |
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256 | (4) |
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260 | (3) |
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Cleavage Structures and Electoral Change |
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263 | (44) |
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264 | (1) |
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Traditional Cleavage Structures |
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265 | (7) |
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The Center-Periphery Cleavage |
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265 | (1) |
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The Church-State Cleavage |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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The Interaction of Different Cleavages |
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269 | (3) |
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The Persistence of Cleavages and the Freezing of Party Systems |
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272 | (3) |
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From Persistence to Change |
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275 | (2) |
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Change in European Cleavage Structures and Electoral Behavior |
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277 | (6) |
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Changing Social Structure |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (4) |
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283 | (13) |
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284 | (4) |
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288 | (8) |
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Evaluating Change and Stability in Western Europe |
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296 | (2) |
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Parties and Voters in Postcommunist Europe |
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298 | (4) |
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East Versus West, or East and West? |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (4) |
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Inside European Political Parties |
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307 | (33) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (9) |
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Who Becomes a Party Member? |
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309 | (5) |
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The Activities of Party Members |
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314 | (4) |
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318 | (12) |
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The Party Manifesto and Program |
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319 | (1) |
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Election of the Party Leader |
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320 | (1) |
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Selection of Parliamentary Candidates |
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321 | (6) |
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327 | (3) |
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The Changing Shape of European Parties |
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330 | (3) |
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The Future of European Parties |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (5) |
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Elections, Electoral Systems, and Referendums |
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340 | (41) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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Types of Electoral System |
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342 | (1) |
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Plurality and Majority Systems |
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343 | (8) |
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Proportional Representation |
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351 | (12) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (1) |
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Which Candidates Get the List Seats? |
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357 | (2) |
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The Single Transferable Vote |
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359 | (4) |
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Why Electoral Systems Matter |
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363 | (8) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (4) |
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Coalition or Single-Party Government? |
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367 | (3) |
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The Backgrounds of Parliamentarians |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (5) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (4) |
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Building and Maintaining a Government |
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381 | (41) |
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383 | (17) |
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Office-Seeking Politicians? |
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384 | (1) |
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Policy-Oriented Politicians? |
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385 | (1) |
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Office-Seeking Politicians and ``Minimal Winning'' Governments |
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385 | (2) |
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Policy-Oriented Politicians and Ideologically Compact Governments |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (3) |
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Surplus Majority Governments |
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391 | (2) |
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A Minimal Winning Cabinet in Germany |
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393 | (2) |
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Minority Cabinets in Norway |
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395 | (2) |
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Surplus Majority Cabinets in Italy |
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397 | (3) |
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Types of Government in Modern Europe |
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400 | (3) |
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The Allocation of Cabinet Portfolios |
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403 | (6) |
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Proportional Cabinet Payoffs in France |
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404 | (1) |
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Qualitative Portfolio Payoffs in Germany |
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405 | (2) |
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Cabinet Portfolios and Government Policy |
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407 | (2) |
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The Stability of European Governments |
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409 | (9) |
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Cabinet Attributes and Cabinet Stability |
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412 | (1) |
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System Attributes and Cabinet Duration |
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413 | (2) |
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Government Stability and Political Events |
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415 | (3) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (3) |
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Does Representative Government Make a Difference? |
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422 | (19) |
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Clear-Cut Cases of Policy Impact |
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426 | (3) |
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The Privatization of State Assets in Britain and Eastern Europe |
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426 | (2) |
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The Withdrawal of Spanish Troops from Iraq |
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428 | (1) |
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Party Manifestos and Government Policy Programs |
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429 | (1) |
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Redeeming Campaign Pledges |
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430 | (3) |
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Party Government and Public Spending |
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433 | (4) |
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Differences Between Countries |
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433 | (2) |
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Differences Within Countries |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (1) |
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So, Does Politics Make a Difference? |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (2) |
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Politics Outside Parliament |
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441 | (25) |
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441 | (9) |
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441 | (4) |
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``Corporatism'' in Austria |
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445 | (2) |
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Tripartism and Social Partners |
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447 | (1) |
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Tripartism in Eastern Europe |
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448 | (1) |
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The Decline of Corporatism? |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (7) |
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452 | (1) |
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Pluralism in Action: The Women's Movement |
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453 | (1) |
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Pluralism in Action: The Environmental Movement |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (1) |
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The New Pluralism? Policy Networks |
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457 | (5) |
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Policy Networks in Action: Doctors |
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459 | (1) |
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Policy Networks in Action: Farmers |
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460 | (2) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (3) |
Index |
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466 | |