Research Methods In Psychology,9780072986228

Research Methods In Psychology

by ; ;
Edition: 7th
ISBN13: 9780072986228
ISBN10: 0072986220
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-04-08
Publisher(s): McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages
List Price: $182.50

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Summary

Considered one of the best undergraduate method texts in the field for the past two decades, Research Methods in Psychology captures the excitement of psychological inquiry as well as the importance of understanding the methodology that is used to conduct research. The text has been praised for its clear writing, logical organization, depth of coverage, and wide variety of examples from different fields of psychology. The new edition includes updated research, a thoroughly revised introductory chapter, and improved pedagogical features designed to enhance students' learning.

Table of Contents

Preface xi
PART I General Issues
1(100)
Introduction
2(25)
The Science of Psychology
3(3)
Science in Context
6(8)
Historical Context
6(4)
Social and Cultural Context
10(3)
Moral Context
13(1)
Thinking Like a Researcher
14(13)
Evaluating Research Findings Reported in the Media
18(1)
Getting Started Doing Research
19(4)
Summary
23(1)
Key Concepts
24(1)
Review Questions
24(1)
Challenge Questions
25(1)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
25(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
26(1)
The Scientific Method
27(31)
Scientific and Everyday Approaches to Knowledge
28(13)
General Approach
29(1)
Observation
30(2)
Reporting
32(2)
Concepts
34(2)
Instruments
36(2)
Measurement
38(1)
Hypotheses
39(2)
Goals of the Scientific Method
41(8)
Description
41(3)
Prediction
44(2)
Explanation
46(3)
Application
49(1)
Scientific Theory Construction and Testing
49(9)
Summary
54(1)
Key Concepts
55(1)
Review Questions
55(1)
Challenge Questions
56(1)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
57(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
57(1)
Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research
58(43)
Introduction
59(2)
Ethical Issues to Consider Before Beginning Research
61(3)
APA Ethical Standards
61(1)
Commentary
61(3)
The Risk/Benefit Ratio
64(14)
Determining Risk
65(1)
Minimal Risk
66(1)
Dealing with Risk
67(1)
Informed Consent
68(2)
APA Ethical Standards
70(2)
Commentary
72(6)
Deception in Psychological Research
78(4)
APA Ethical Standards
79(1)
Commentary
79(3)
Debriefing
82(4)
APA Ethical Standards
83(1)
Commentary
83(3)
Research with Animals
86(4)
APA Ethical Standards
86(1)
Commentary
87(3)
Reporting of Psychological Research
90(4)
APA Ethical Standards
90(2)
Commentary
92(2)
Steps for Ethical Decision Making
94(7)
Summary
95(1)
Key Concepts
95(1)
Review Questions
96(1)
Challenge Questions
96(5)
PART II Descriptive Methods
101(120)
Observation
102(41)
Overview
103(1)
Sampling Behavior
104(3)
Time Sampling
105(1)
Situation Sampling
106(1)
Classification of Observational Methods
107(1)
Observation Without Intervention
108(2)
Observation with Intervention
110(8)
Participant Observation
110(4)
Structured Observation
114(3)
Field Experiments
117(1)
Recording Behavior
118(9)
Qualitative Records of Behavior
119(2)
Quantitative Measures of Behavior
121(6)
Analysis of Observational Data
127(5)
Data Reduction
127(2)
Observer Reliability
129(3)
Thinking Critically About Observational Research
132(11)
Influence of the Observer
132(5)
Observer Bias
137(2)
Summary
139(1)
Key Concepts
139(1)
Review Questions
140(1)
Challenge Questions
140(2)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
142(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
142(1)
Survey Research
143(50)
Overview
144(1)
Uses of Surveys
144(2)
Characteristics of Surveys
146(1)
Sampling in Survey Research
146(9)
Basic Terms of Sampling
147(3)
Approaches to Sampling
150(5)
Survey Methods
155(7)
Mail Surveys
155(2)
Personal Interviews
157(1)
Telephone Interviews
158(2)
Internet Surveys
160(2)
Survey-Research Designs
162(7)
Cross-Sectional Design
162(1)
Successive Independent Samples Design
163(3)
Longitudinal Design
166(3)
Questionnaires
169(12)
Questionnaires as Instruments
170(3)
Reliability and Validity of Self-Report Measures
173(2)
Constructing a Questionnaire
175(6)
Thinking Critically About Survey Research
181(12)
Correspondence Between Reported and Actual Behavior
181(2)
Correlation and Causality
183(4)
Summary
187(1)
Key Concepts
188(1)
Review Questions
189(1)
Challenge Questions
189(2)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
191(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
191(2)
Unobtrusive Measures of Behavior
193(28)
Overview
194(1)
Physical Traces
195(7)
Rationale
195(2)
Types of Physical Traces
197(3)
Problems and Limitations
200(2)
Archival Data
202(15)
Rationale
202(6)
Types of Archival Data
208(1)
Content Analysis
209(5)
Problems and Limitations
214(3)
Ethical Issues and Unobtrusive Measures
217(4)
Summary
218(1)
Key Concepts
218(1)
Review Questions
218(1)
Challenge Questions
219(1)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
220(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
220(1)
PART III Experimental Methods
221(102)
Independent Groups Designs
222(41)
Overview
223(1)
Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments
223(2)
Logic of Experimental Research
225(4)
Random Groups Design
229(10)
Random Assignment
229(4)
Threats to Internal Validity
233(6)
Analysis and Interpretation of Experimental Findings
239(9)
The Role of Data Analysis in Experiments
239(2)
Describing the Results
241(3)
Confirming What the Results Reveal
244(4)
What Data Analysis Can't Tell Us
248(1)
Establishing the External Validity of Experimental Findings
248(5)
Matched Groups Design
253(2)
Natural Groups Design
255(8)
Summary
257(2)
Key Concepts
259(1)
Review Questions
259(1)
Challenge Questions
260(1)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
261(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
261(2)
Repeated Measures Designs
263(26)
Overview
264(1)
Why Researchers Use Repeated Measures Designs
264(3)
The Role of Practice Effects in Repeated Measures Designs
267(13)
Defining Practice Effects
267(3)
Balancing Practice Effects in the Complete Design
270(5)
Balancing Practice Effects in the Incomplete Design
275(5)
Data Analysis of Repeated Measures Designs
280(3)
Describing the Results
280(2)
Confirming What the Results Reveal
282(1)
The Problem of Differential Transfer
283(6)
Summary
285(1)
Key Concepts
285(1)
Review Questions
286(1)
Challenge Questions
286(1)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
287(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
287(2)
Complex Designs
289(34)
Overview
290(3)
Guidelines for Identifying an Experimental Design
293(2)
Describing Effects in a Complex Design
295(8)
An Example of a 2 x 2 Design
297(2)
Main Effects and Interaction Effects
299(3)
Describing Interaction Effects
302(1)
Analysis of Complex Designs
303(8)
Analysis Plan with an Interaction Effect
307(2)
Analysis Plan with No Interaction Effect
309(2)
Interpreting Interaction Effects
311(12)
Interaction Effects and Theory Testing
311(2)
Interaction Effects and External Validity
313(1)
Interaction Effects and Ceiling and Floor Effects
314(2)
Interaction Effects and the Natural Groups Design
316(2)
Summary
318(1)
Key Concepts
319(1)
Review Questions
319(1)
Challenge Questions
320(1)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
321(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
321(2)
PART IV Applied Research
323(74)
Single-Case Designs and Small-n Research
324(33)
Overview
325(1)
The Case Study Method
326(12)
Characteristics
326(3)
Advantages of the Case Study Method
329(5)
Disadvantages of the Case Study Method
334(3)
Thinking Critically About Testimonials Based on a Case Study
337(1)
Single-Subject (Small-n) Experimental Designs
338(19)
Characteristics of Single-Subject Experiments
340(2)
Specific Experimental Designs
342(8)
Problems and Limitations Common to All Single-Subject Designs
350(3)
Summary
353(1)
Key Concepts
354(1)
Review Questions
354(1)
Challenge Questions
355(1)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
356(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
356(1)
Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation
357(40)
Overview
358(1)
True Experiments
359(11)
Characteristics of True Experiments
359(1)
Obstacles to Conducting True Experiments in Natural Settings
359(4)
Threats to Internal Validity Controlled by True Experiments
363(4)
Problems That Even True Experiments May Not Control
367(3)
Quasi-Experiments
370(17)
The Nonequivalent Control Group Design
372(1)
Nonequivalent Control Group Design: The Langer and Rodin Study
373(2)
Sources of Invalidity in the Nonequivalent Control Group Design
375(5)
The Issue of External Validity
380(1)
Interrupted Time-Series Designs
381(4)
Time Series with Nonequivalent Control Group
385(2)
Program Evaluation
387(10)
Summary
392(1)
Key Concepts
393(1)
Review Questions
393(1)
Challenge Questions
394(1)
Answer to Stretching Exercise
395(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
395(2)
PART V Analyzing and Reporting Research
397(135)
Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I. Describing Data, Confidence Intervals, Correlation
398(41)
Overview
399(1)
The Analysis Story
400(1)
Computer-Assisted Data Analysis
401(1)
Illustration: Data Analysis for an Experiment Comparing Means
402(22)
Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data
403(4)
Stage 2: Summarizing the Data
407(6)
Stage 3: Using Confidence Intervals to Confirm What the Data Reveal
413(11)
Illustration: Data Analysis for a Correlational Study
424(15)
Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data
427(1)
Stage 2: Summarizing the Data
427(6)
Stage 3: Constructing a Confidence Interval for a Correlation
433(1)
Summary
433(2)
Key Concepts
435(1)
Review Questions
435(1)
Challenge Questions
436(2)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
438(1)
Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II. Tests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story
439(46)
Overview
440(1)
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)
441(3)
Experimental Sensitivity and Statistical Power
444(3)
NHST: Comparing Two Means
447(2)
Independent Groups
447(1)
Repeated Measures Designs
448(1)
Statistical Significance and Scientific or Practical Significance
449(1)
Recommendations for Comparing Two Means
450(1)
Reporting Results When Comparing Two Means
451(2)
Data Analysis Involving More Than Two Conditions
453(1)
ANOVA for Single-Factor Independent Groups Design
453(13)
Calculating Effect Size for Designs with Three or More Independent Groups
460(1)
Assessing Power for Independent Groups Designs
461(1)
Comparing Means in Multiple-Group Experiments
462(2)
Reporting Results of a Single-Factor Independent Groups Experiment
464(2)
Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
466(5)
Two-Factor Analysis of Variance for Independent Groups Designs
471(4)
Analysis of a Complex Design with an Interaction Effect
471(3)
Analysis with No Interaction Effect
474(1)
Effect Sizes for Two-Factor Design with Independent Groups
475(1)
Role of Confidence Intervals in the Analysis of Complex Designs
475(2)
Two-Factor Analysis of Variance for a Mixed Design
477(3)
Reporting Results of a Complex Design
480(5)
Summary
481(1)
Key Concepts
482(1)
Review Questions
482(1)
Challenge Questions
483(1)
Answer to Challenge Question 1
484(1)
Communication in Psychology
485(47)
Introduction
486(2)
The Internet and Research
488(2)
Guidelines for Effective Writing
490(2)
Structure of a Research Report
492(17)
Title Page
493(2)
Abstract
495(1)
Introduction
495(3)
Method
498(2)
Results
500(5)
Discussion
505(1)
References
506(2)
Appendixes
508(1)
Author Note
508(1)
Footnotes
508(1)
Order of Manuscript Pages
509(1)
Oral Presentations
509(1)
Research Proposals
510(2)
A Sample Research Report
512(20)
Appendix: Statistical Tables 532(8)
Glossary 540(7)
References 547(14)
Credits 561(4)
Name Index 565(5)
Subject Index 570

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