Preface |
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xi | |
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1 | (100) |
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2 | (25) |
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The Science of Psychology |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (8) |
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6 | (4) |
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Social and Cultural Context |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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Thinking Like a Researcher |
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14 | (13) |
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Evaluating Research Findings Reported in the Media |
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18 | (1) |
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Getting Started Doing Research |
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19 | (4) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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25 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (31) |
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Scientific and Everyday Approaches to Knowledge |
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28 | (13) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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Goals of the Scientific Method |
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41 | (8) |
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41 | (3) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (1) |
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Scientific Theory Construction and Testing |
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49 | (9) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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57 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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57 | (1) |
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Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research |
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58 | (43) |
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59 | (2) |
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Ethical Issues to Consider Before Beginning Research |
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61 | (3) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (14) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (6) |
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Deception in Psychological Research |
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78 | (4) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (4) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (4) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (3) |
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Reporting of Psychological Research |
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90 | (4) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (2) |
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Steps for Ethical Decision Making |
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94 | (7) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (5) |
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PART II Descriptive Methods |
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101 | (120) |
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102 | (41) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Classification of Observational Methods |
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107 | (1) |
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Observation Without Intervention |
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108 | (2) |
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Observation with Intervention |
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110 | (8) |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (9) |
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Qualitative Records of Behavior |
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119 | (2) |
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Quantitative Measures of Behavior |
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121 | (6) |
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Analysis of Observational Data |
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127 | (5) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (3) |
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Thinking Critically About Observational Research |
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132 | (11) |
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Influence of the Observer |
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132 | (5) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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142 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (50) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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Characteristics of Surveys |
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146 | (1) |
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Sampling in Survey Research |
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146 | (9) |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (5) |
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155 | (7) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (7) |
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162 | (1) |
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Successive Independent Samples Design |
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163 | (3) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (12) |
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Questionnaires as Instruments |
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170 | (3) |
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Reliability and Validity of Self-Report Measures |
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173 | (2) |
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Constructing a Questionnaire |
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175 | (6) |
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Thinking Critically About Survey Research |
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181 | (12) |
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Correspondence Between Reported and Actual Behavior |
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181 | (2) |
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Correlation and Causality |
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183 | (4) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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191 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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191 | (2) |
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Unobtrusive Measures of Behavior |
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193 | (28) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (7) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (15) |
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202 | (6) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (5) |
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214 | (3) |
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Ethical Issues and Unobtrusive Measures |
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217 | (4) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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220 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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220 | (1) |
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PART III Experimental Methods |
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221 | (102) |
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Independent Groups Designs |
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222 | (41) |
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223 | (1) |
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Why Psychologists Conduct Experiments |
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223 | (2) |
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Logic of Experimental Research |
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225 | (4) |
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229 | (10) |
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229 | (4) |
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Threats to Internal Validity |
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233 | (6) |
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Analysis and Interpretation of Experimental Findings |
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239 | (9) |
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The Role of Data Analysis in Experiments |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (3) |
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Confirming What the Results Reveal |
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244 | (4) |
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What Data Analysis Can't Tell Us |
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248 | (1) |
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Establishing the External Validity of Experimental Findings |
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248 | (5) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (8) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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261 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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261 | (2) |
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Repeated Measures Designs |
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263 | (26) |
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264 | (1) |
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Why Researchers Use Repeated Measures Designs |
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264 | (3) |
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The Role of Practice Effects in Repeated Measures Designs |
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267 | (13) |
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Defining Practice Effects |
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267 | (3) |
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Balancing Practice Effects in the Complete Design |
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270 | (5) |
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Balancing Practice Effects in the Incomplete Design |
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275 | (5) |
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Data Analysis of Repeated Measures Designs |
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280 | (3) |
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280 | (2) |
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Confirming What the Results Reveal |
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282 | (1) |
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The Problem of Differential Transfer |
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283 | (6) |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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287 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (34) |
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290 | (3) |
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Guidelines for Identifying an Experimental Design |
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293 | (2) |
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Describing Effects in a Complex Design |
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295 | (8) |
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An Example of a 2 x 2 Design |
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297 | (2) |
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Main Effects and Interaction Effects |
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299 | (3) |
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Describing Interaction Effects |
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302 | (1) |
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Analysis of Complex Designs |
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303 | (8) |
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Analysis Plan with an Interaction Effect |
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307 | (2) |
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Analysis Plan with No Interaction Effect |
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309 | (2) |
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Interpreting Interaction Effects |
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311 | (12) |
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Interaction Effects and Theory Testing |
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311 | (2) |
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Interaction Effects and External Validity |
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313 | (1) |
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Interaction Effects and Ceiling and Floor Effects |
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314 | (2) |
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Interaction Effects and the Natural Groups Design |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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321 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (74) |
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Single-Case Designs and Small-n Research |
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324 | (33) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (12) |
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326 | (3) |
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Advantages of the Case Study Method |
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329 | (5) |
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Disadvantages of the Case Study Method |
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334 | (3) |
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Thinking Critically About Testimonials Based on a Case Study |
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337 | (1) |
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Single-Subject (Small-n) Experimental Designs |
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338 | (19) |
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Characteristics of Single-Subject Experiments |
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340 | (2) |
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Specific Experimental Designs |
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342 | (8) |
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Problems and Limitations Common to All Single-Subject Designs |
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350 | (3) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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356 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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356 | (1) |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation |
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357 | (40) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (11) |
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Characteristics of True Experiments |
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359 | (1) |
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Obstacles to Conducting True Experiments in Natural Settings |
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359 | (4) |
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Threats to Internal Validity Controlled by True Experiments |
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363 | (4) |
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Problems That Even True Experiments May Not Control |
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367 | (3) |
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370 | (17) |
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The Nonequivalent Control Group Design |
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372 | (1) |
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Nonequivalent Control Group Design: The Langer and Rodin Study |
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373 | (2) |
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Sources of Invalidity in the Nonequivalent Control Group Design |
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375 | (5) |
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The Issue of External Validity |
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380 | (1) |
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Interrupted Time-Series Designs |
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381 | (4) |
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Time Series with Nonequivalent Control Group |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (10) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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Answer to Stretching Exercise |
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395 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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395 | (2) |
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PART V Analyzing and Reporting Research |
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397 | (135) |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I. Describing Data, Confidence Intervals, Correlation |
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398 | (41) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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Computer-Assisted Data Analysis |
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401 | (1) |
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Illustration: Data Analysis for an Experiment Comparing Means |
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402 | (22) |
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Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data |
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403 | (4) |
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Stage 2: Summarizing the Data |
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407 | (6) |
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Stage 3: Using Confidence Intervals to Confirm What the Data Reveal |
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413 | (11) |
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Illustration: Data Analysis for a Correlational Study |
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424 | (15) |
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Stage 1: Getting to Know the Data |
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427 | (1) |
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Stage 2: Summarizing the Data |
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427 | (6) |
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Stage 3: Constructing a Confidence Interval for a Correlation |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (2) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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438 | (1) |
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Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II. Tests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story |
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439 | (46) |
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440 | (1) |
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Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) |
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441 | (3) |
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Experimental Sensitivity and Statistical Power |
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444 | (3) |
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NHST: Comparing Two Means |
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447 | (2) |
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447 | (1) |
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Repeated Measures Designs |
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448 | (1) |
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Statistical Significance and Scientific or Practical Significance |
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449 | (1) |
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Recommendations for Comparing Two Means |
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450 | (1) |
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Reporting Results When Comparing Two Means |
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451 | (2) |
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Data Analysis Involving More Than Two Conditions |
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453 | (1) |
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ANOVA for Single-Factor Independent Groups Design |
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453 | (13) |
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Calculating Effect Size for Designs with Three or More Independent Groups |
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460 | (1) |
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Assessing Power for Independent Groups Designs |
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461 | (1) |
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Comparing Means in Multiple-Group Experiments |
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462 | (2) |
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Reporting Results of a Single-Factor Independent Groups Experiment |
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464 | (2) |
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Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance |
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466 | (5) |
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Two-Factor Analysis of Variance for Independent Groups Designs |
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471 | (4) |
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Analysis of a Complex Design with an Interaction Effect |
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471 | (3) |
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Analysis with No Interaction Effect |
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474 | (1) |
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Effect Sizes for Two-Factor Design with Independent Groups |
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475 | (1) |
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Role of Confidence Intervals in the Analysis of Complex Designs |
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475 | (2) |
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Two-Factor Analysis of Variance for a Mixed Design |
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477 | (3) |
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Reporting Results of a Complex Design |
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480 | (5) |
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481 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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483 | (1) |
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Answer to Challenge Question 1 |
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484 | (1) |
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Communication in Psychology |
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485 | (47) |
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486 | (2) |
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The Internet and Research |
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488 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Effective Writing |
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490 | (2) |
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Structure of a Research Report |
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492 | (17) |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (1) |
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495 | (3) |
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498 | (2) |
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500 | (5) |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (2) |
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508 | (1) |
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508 | (1) |
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508 | (1) |
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Order of Manuscript Pages |
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509 | (1) |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (2) |
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512 | (20) |
Appendix: Statistical Tables |
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532 | (8) |
Glossary |
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540 | (7) |
References |
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547 | (14) |
Credits |
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561 | (4) |
Name Index |
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565 | (5) |
Subject Index |
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570 | |