The Samurai and the Cross The Jesuit Enterprise in Early Modern Japan

In 1614 the shogunate prohibited Christianity amidst rumors of foreign plots to conquer Japan. But more than the fear of armed invasions, it was the ideological threat--or "spiritual conquest"--that the Edo shogunate feared the most. This book explores the encounter of Christianity and
premodern Japan in the wider context of global and intellectual history. M. Antoni J. Ucerler examines how the Jesuit missionaries sought new ways to communicate their faith in an unfamiliar linguistic, cultural, and religious environment--and how they sought to "re-invent" Christianity in the
context of samurai Japan. They developed an original "moral casuistry" or "cases of conscience" adapted to the specific dilemmas faced by Japanese Christians.

This volume situates the European missionary "enterprise" in East Asia within multiple geopolitical contexts: Both Ming China and "Warring States" Japan resisted the presence of foreigners and their beliefs. In Japan, where the Jesuits were facing persecution in the midst of civil war, they debated
whether they could intervene in military conflicts to protect local communities. Others advocated for the establishment of a "Christian republic" or civil protectorate. Based on little-known primary sources in various languages, The Samurai and the Cross explores the moral and political debates over
religion, law, and "reason of state" that took place on both the European and the Japanese side.

M. Antoni J. Ucerler, S.J., is the Director of the Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History and Provost's Fellow at Boston College. He has also taught at Sophia University in Tokyo, Georgetown University, the University of San Francisco, and the University of Oxford, where he is an
Associate Fellow of Campion Hall. His interests and publications focus on the history of Christianity in Japan and the global histories of East Asian engagement with Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He is also Co-Editor in Chief of the Brill monograph series, Studies in the History
of Christianity in East Asia.

Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
List of Illustrations
Introduction

Part I: Re-inventing Christianity
Chapter 1: Aristotle and Aquinas come to Japan
Chapter 2: Japanese Cases of Conscience
Chapter 3: Jesuit Casuistry: from Rome to Nagasaki

Part II: Re-imagining the Enterprise
Chapter 4: The Politics of Accommodation
Chapter 5: Alonso Sánchez' and his 'Empresa de China'
Chapter 6: The Cross, the Sword, & 'Just War'
Chapter 7: Gómez vs. Sánchez: 'Compel them to enter'?

Part III: Re-interpreting 'Reason of State'
Chapter 8: Jesuit Debates on Japanese 'Reason of State'
Chapter 9: The Mechanics of Jesuit Obedience
Chapter 10: Japanese Reactions to Christian 'Reason of State'
Chapter 11: The End of the Missionary 'Enterprise'
Chapter 12: Temporal vs. Spiritual Conquest

Epilogue: Some Further Reflections

Appendices
Notes
Select Bibliography
Glossary
Index