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Summary
Table of Contents
Single-Sided NMR | p. 1 |
Development of Open NMR Sensors | p. 2 |
Well-Logging Tools | p. 2 |
Mobile Single-Sided Sensors | p. 3 |
The NMR-MOUSE | p. 4 |
Methods for Mobile NMR | p. 6 |
References | p. 7 |
NMR in Inhomogeneous Fields | p. 11 |
Introduction | p. 11 |
Evolution of the Magnetization During a Pulse Sequence | p. 12 |
Separation of the Magnetization into Coherence Pathways | p. 14 |
Numerical Calculation of the NMR Signal | p. 20 |
Pulse Sequence Analysis | p. 21 |
Single rf Pulse | p. 21 |
The Generation of Hahn Echoes | p. 23 |
The CPMG Sequence | p. 28 |
Inversion and Saturation Recovery | p. 35 |
Diffusion Measurements | p. 42 |
The SNR in Inhomogeneous Fields | p. 47 |
The Reciprocity Principle | p. 48 |
Numerical Calculations of the SNR | p. 49 |
An Analytical Solution for the SNR | p. 55 |
References | p. 55 |
Ex Situ Measurement of One- and Two- Dimensional Distribution Functions | p. 57 |
Introduction | p. 57 |
Relaxation | p. 57 |
Diffusion | p. 58 |
Diffusion-Relaxation Distribution Functions | p. 58 |
Pulse Sequences and Spin Dynamics in Inhomogeneous Fields | p. 59 |
Relaxation Measurement: Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill Sequence | p. 59 |
Diffusion Measurements with Static Gradients | p. 62 |
T1 Measurements in Inhomogeneous Fields | p. 64 |
One-Dimensional Distribution Functions | p. 64 |
Data Inversion | p. 65 |
Regularization | p. 67 |
Systematic Errors | p. 68 |
Uncertainties | p. 68 |
Two-Dimensional Diffusion-Relaxation Distribution Functions | p. 69 |
Two-Dimensional Diffusion-Relaxation Measurements | p. 69 |
Data Analysis | p. 71 |
Interpretation of Distribution Functions | p. 73 |
Applications of Two-Dimensional Distribution Functions | p. 74 |
Two-Component Systems | p. 75 |
Wettability | p. 76 |
Complex Miscible Fluid | p. 77 |
Structured Fluid | p. 78 |
Pore Geometry of Porous Media | p. 79 |
Conclusion | p. 81 |
References | p. 82 |
Magnets and Coils for Single-Sided NMR | p. 87 |
Magnets | p. 88 |
B0 Perpendicular to the Sensor Surface, the Bar Magnet Geometry | p. 89 |
B0 Parallel to the Sensor Surface, the U-Shaped Geometry | p. 93 |
Magnets for Depth Profiling | p. 95 |
Sweet-Spot Magnets | p. 99 |
RF Coils | p. 102 |
Coils for Depth Profiling | p. 103 |
Coils for Sweet-Spot Magnets | p. 105 |
Gradient Coils | p. 107 |
References | p. 108 |
Single-Sided Tomography | p. 111 |
Depth Resolution Using the Static Field Gradient | p. 111 |
Spatial Encoding by Fourier Imaging | p. 113 |
Multi-Echo Acquisition Schemes | p. 117 |
RARE-Like Imaging Sequence | p. 117 |
CPMG-CP for Quadrature Detection | p. 121 |
Performance of the Multi-Echo Detection Scheme | p. 125 |
Sensitivity Improvement | p. 125 |
Relaxation and Diffusion Contrast | p. 126 |
3D Imaging | p. 128 |
Displacement Encoding | p. 129 |
PFG Methods in Inhomogeneous Fields | p. 130 |
Measurement of Velocity Distributions | p. 135 |
Spatially Resolved Velocity Distributions | p. 137 |
2D Velocity Maps | p. 137 |
References | p. 140 |
High-Resolution NMR in Inhomogeneous Fields | p. 143 |
Introduction | p. 143 |
Approaches Based on Spin Interactions | p. 144 |
Ex Situ NMR: Spatially Dependent ôz-Rotationsö | p. 145 |
Ex Situ Matching: Compensating Static Field Inhomogeneities via Spatially Matched rf | p. 147 |
Shim Pulses: Corrections Based on Gradient Modulations During an Adiabatic Double Passage | p. 157 |
Adjusted Chirp Shim Pulses | p. 160 |
Summary | p. 162 |
References | p. 162 |
High-Resolution Spectroscopy in Highly Homogeneous Stray Fields | p. 165 |
Sensor Design | p. 166 |
Main Unit | p. 166 |
Shim Unit | p. 167 |
Shimming Magnetic Fields with Movable Permanent Magnets | p. 170 |
Generation of Linear Terms Along y | p. 171 |
Generation of Linear Terms Along x and z | p. 172 |
Generation of Quadratic Terms x2 and z2 | p. 172 |
Experimental Results | p. 175 |
Shimming the Magnet to Higher Order | p. 177 |
Improving Resolution and Working Volume Size | p. 178 |
Temperature Compensation | p. 181 |
Conclusions | p. 185 |
References | p. 185 |
Applications in Biology and Medicine | p. 187 |
Skin | p. 188 |
Tendon | p. 192 |
Mummies and Bones | p. 194 |
Unilateral Imaging of Biological Matter | p. 196 |
Conclusions | p. 198 |
References | p. 199 |
Applications in Material Science and Cultural Heritage | p. 203 |
Elastomers | p. 204 |
Crosslink Density | p. 204 |
Aging | p. 206 |
Imaging | p. 209 |
Hard Polymers | p. 212 |
Ingress of Solvents | p. 215 |
Cultural Heritage | p. 217 |
References | p. 219 |
Spectrometer Hardware | p. 221 |
Single-Sided vs. Conventional: Systematic Differences | p. 222 |
Frontend Design | p. 223 |
Matching and Balancing | p. 223 |
Transmit-Receive Switching | p. 226 |
Transmitter Design | p. 228 |
Conventional Power Amplifiers | p. 229 |
Alternative Amplifier Designs | p. 230 |
Receiver Design | p. 233 |
Low-Noise Amplifier | p. 234 |
Frequency Generation and Mixing | p. 235 |
Digital Hardware | p. 237 |
Frontend Signal Processor Selection | p. 237 |
Digital Phase Sensitive Detector | p. 239 |
References | p. 239 |
Index | p. 241 |
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