PART I---FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS |
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The Logic of Comparisons and Analysis |
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1 | (18) |
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Introduction: Why Analyze Data? |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Theory Construction at a Glance |
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2 | (4) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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Observation and Inquisitiveness |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Research: Movement from Theory to Data and Back |
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6 | (4) |
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6 | (1) |
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Constructing the Research Design |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Statistical Analysis: The Art of Making Sound Comparisons |
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10 | (3) |
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Foundations of Valid Comparisons |
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11 | (1) |
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Comparing Appropriate Phenomena |
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11 | (1) |
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Using Comparable Measures |
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11 | (1) |
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Choosing Analysis Methods That Best Summarize the Data |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Communicating the Results |
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12 | (1) |
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Data and Purposes of This Book |
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13 | (6) |
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Variables and Measurement |
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19 | (24) |
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19 | (1) |
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Transforming Characteristics into Data: The Process of Measurement |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (13) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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The Process for Determining Level of Measurement |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Use in the Research Process |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (9) |
PART II---UNIVARIATE STATISTICS |
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Not All Statistical Analyses Involve Numbers: Summarizing Data through Graphical Representation |
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43 | (30) |
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43 | (1) |
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Frequency Distributions: A Chart of a Different Color |
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44 | (6) |
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Conventions for Building Distributions |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Frequency Distributions for Grouped Data |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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Combination Distributions |
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50 | (1) |
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Graphical Representation of Frequencies |
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50 | (7) |
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51 | (1) |
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Histograms and Bar Charts |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (3) |
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Analyzing Univariate Statistics |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Analyzing Bivariate and Multivariate Data |
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60 | (4) |
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60 | (1) |
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Normal Probability or P-P Plots |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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Analyzing Geographic Distributions |
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64 | (5) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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Constructing Effective Choropleth Maps |
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66 | (1) |
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Problems With Choropleth Maps |
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66 | (3) |
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69 | (4) |
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Measures of Central Tendency |
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73 | (20) |
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Measures of Central Tendency |
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73 | (13) |
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74 | (4) |
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78 | (1) |
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Median for Ungrouped Data |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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83 | (2) |
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Selecting the Most Appropriate Measure of Central Tendency |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (7) |
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93 | (18) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (10) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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What Use Do I Have for the Variance and Standard Deviation? |
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104 | (1) |
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Selecting the Most Appropriate Measure of Dispersion |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (6) |
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The Form of a Distribution |
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111 | (16) |
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111 | (1) |
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Moments of a Distribution |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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The Importance of Skewness and Kurtosis |
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115 | (1) |
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Design of the Normal Curve |
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116 | (5) |
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Points to Remember About the Normal Curve |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (6) |
PART III---BIVATIATE STATISTICS |
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Introduction To Bivariate Descriptive Statistics |
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127 | (12) |
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127 | (1) |
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Bivariate Tables and Analysis |
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128 | (2) |
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Statistical Tables versus Presentation Tables |
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128 | (2) |
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Constructing Bivariate Tables |
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130 | (4) |
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Ordinal Level Table Construction |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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Nominal Level Table Construction |
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134 | (1) |
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Analysis of Bivariate Tables |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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Measures of Existence/Statistical Significance of a Relationship |
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139 | (24) |
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Nominal Level Measures of Existence |
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139 | (1) |
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Tables, Percentages, and Differences |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (9) |
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Requirements for Using Chi-square |
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149 | (2) |
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Limitations of Chi-square |
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151 | (1) |
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A Final Note on Chi-square |
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152 | (1) |
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Tests of Existence for Ordinal and Interval Level Data |
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152 | (4) |
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Calculation and Interpretation for Ordinal Data |
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152 | (1) |
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Spearman's Rho and Pearson's r |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (7) |
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Measures of the Strength of a Relationship |
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163 | (34) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (5) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (14) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (8) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Coefficient of Determination |
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189 | (1) |
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Correlation and Causation |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Selecting the Most Appropriate Measure of Strength |
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191 | (6) |
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Measures of Direction and Nature of a Relationship |
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197 | (16) |
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Direction of the Association |
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197 | (4) |
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Establishing Direction for Ordinal Level Data |
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197 | (3) |
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Establishing Direction for Interval/Ratio Level Data |
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200 | (1) |
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Nature of the Association |
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201 | (3) |
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Establishing the Nature of the Distribution for Nominal and Ordinal Level Data |
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201 | (1) |
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Establishing the Nature of the Distribution for Interval/Ratio Level Data |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (9) |
PART IV---MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS |
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Introduction to Multivariate Statistics |
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213 | (12) |
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Introduction: When Two Variables Just Aren't Enough |
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213 | (1) |
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Interaction Among Variables |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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Elimination of Rival Factors and Relationships |
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218 | (1) |
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Other Issues for Multivariate Analysis |
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219 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (4) |
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Multivariate Measures of Association |
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225 | (30) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (9) |
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226 | (2) |
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Analysis and Interpretation |
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228 | (5) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (12) |
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235 | (1) |
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Analysis and Interpretation |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (5) |
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Use of Factors in Other Analyses |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (5) |
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247 | (1) |
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Analysis and Interpretation |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (4) |
PART V---INFERENTIAL STATISTICS |
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Introduction to Inferential Analysis |
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255 | (18) |
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Descriptive and Inferential Analyses |
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255 | (1) |
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Terminology and Assumptions |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Cluster or Multistage Sampling |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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Accidental/Convenience Sampling |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (3) |
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Calculating Confidence Intervals |
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267 | (2) |
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Interpreting Confidence Intervals |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (3) |
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273 | (14) |
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273 | (1) |
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Null and Research Hypotheses |
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273 | (2) |
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Steps in Hypothesis Testing |
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275 | (4) |
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Developing the Research Hypothesis |
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275 | (1) |
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Developing the Null Hypothesis |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Significance and Critical Regions |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Type I and Type II Errors |
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279 | (2) |
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Which Is Better, a Type I or Type II Error? |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (4) |
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287 | (22) |
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Introduction: Tests of Hypothesis |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (7) |
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288 | (2) |
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Interpretation and Application: Known Probability of Error |
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290 | (3) |
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One-Sample versus Two-Sample Z-Tests |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (7) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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SPSS Analysis for Z-Tests and t-Tests |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (3) |
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301 | (2) |
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SPSS Output for an F-Test |
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303 | (1) |
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Chi-square Test for Independence |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (6) |
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309 | (1) |
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The Relationship Between Statistics, Methodology, and Theory |
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309 | (1) |
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Describe It or Make Inferences |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
Appendix A---Math Review and Practice Test |
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315 | (5) |
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Addition, Subtraction, and Negative Numbers |
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315 | (1) |
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Multiplication, Division, and Negative Numbers |
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316 | (1) |
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Statistical Addition: Summation |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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Putting It All Together: Simple Math for Statistical Analysis |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (2) |
Tables |
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320 | (7) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (3) |
Appendix B---List of Variables |
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327 | (24) |
Index |
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351 | (12) |
Disk Instructions |
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363 | |