Systems Engineering and Analysis

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For senior-level undergraduate and first and second year graduate systems engineering and related courses. Systems Engineering and Analysis, 5/e, provides a total life-cycle approach to systems and their analysis.

This practical introduction to systems engineering and analysis provides the concepts, methodologies, models, and tools needed to understand and implement a total life-cycle approach to systems and their analysis. The authors focus first on the process of bringing systems into being—beginning with the identification of a need and extending that need through requirements determination, functional analysis and allocation, design synthesis, evaluation, and validation, operation and support, phase-out, and disposal.

Next, the authors discuss the improvement of systems currently in being, showing that by employing the iterative process of analysis, evaluation, feedback, and modification, most systems in existence can be improved in their affordability, effectiveness, and stakeholder satisfaction.

Bringing Systems Into Being; Conceptual Design; Design For Supportability; Design For Affordability - Life-Cycle Costing. Includes new and revised figures throughout, and several new case studies. For the systems engineering practitioner working in industry and/or in a government agency.

“This text is the most complete, most thorough, and the most systematic textbook on the subject of Systems Engineering. The textbook is presenting materials in a proper and sequential manner and it is not jumping from topic to topic.” -Lili H. Tabrizi, CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY

“This is, without a doubt, the definitive text on systems engineering. It provides a comprehensive coverage of the field, considering both the design and analysis of complex systems.” -Stanley F. Bullington, MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY

“The clean coverage of individual topics makes it easier to address needs of students both in our regular graduate course and to supplement short courses. The book serves as an excellent quick reference guide.” -Paul Componation, THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE

Benjamin S. Blanchard served in the U.S. Air Force for several years during the Korean conflict; spent 17+ years in industry as a design engineer, field service engineer, and engineering manager (Boeing, Sanders Associates, Bendix, and General Dynamics); taught reliability and maintainability courses as an Adjunct Professor, Rochester Institute of Technology (1967-1969); employed at Virginia Tech as Director of Engineering Extension and Assistant Dean of Engineering for Public Service (1970-1997); Chaired Graduate Program in Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech (1979-1997); served as a Visiting Professor at the University of Exeter, UK, teaching logistics engineering courses (1989-1996); served as an Adjunct Professor, University of Virginia, teaching systems engineering (2001); taught courses in systems engineering and logistics engineering at Virginia Tech (1971-2004); served as Professor of Systems Engineering, Portland State University, and taught courses in systems and logistics engineering via the internet (1999-2004); and conducted training programs, seminars, and workshops in systems engineering, logistics, maintenance, and life-cycle costing in 34 different countries (1972-2002). In addition, he has authored and/or co-authored nine different books and a number of monographs, book chapters, and technical papers in systems engineering, logistics engineering, maintainability and maintenance, and life-cycle costing.

Wolter J. Fabrycky - Lawrence Professor Emeritus of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Registered Professional Engineer in both Arkansas and Virginia, and Chairman of Academic Applications International, Inc. Fabrycky taught at the University of Arkansas and then Oklahoma State University before becoming Founding Chairman of the Interdisciplinary Systems Engineering Graduate Program, Associate Dean of Engineering, and then Dean of Research, all at Virginia Tech. He is a Fellow in AAAS, ASEE, IIE, and INCOSE. An INCOSE Charter Member, Fabrycky was designated a SE Pioneer (with Ben Blanchard) in 2000. Fabrycky is Founder and President of Omega Alpha, the International Honor Society for Systems Engineering and President Elect of Alpha Pi Mu, the Industrial Engineering Honor Society. He serves or served on the National Boards of APM, ASEE, IIE, INCOSE, and OAA. Received the Distinguished Educator Award from IIE, the Grant and Wellington Awards from ASEE and IIE, and the Lohmann Medal from Oklahoma State. Fabrycky was named a member of the 1978 Engineering Education Delegation to the People's Republic of China, sponsored by the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the PRC. Co-author of six Prentice Hall textbooks and co-editor (with Joe Mize since 1972) of the Prentice Hall International Series in Industrial and Systems Engineering that includes more than 40 titles.

Contents
Preface xiii
Part I Introduction to Systems 1
Chapter 1 Systems Science and Engineering 2
1.1 System Definitions and Elements 3
1.2 Classification of Systems 5
1.3 Science and Systems Science 8
1.4 Technology and Technical Systems 11
1.5 Transition to the Systems Age 13
1.6 Systems Engineering 17
1.7 Summary and Extensions 19
Questions and Problems 21

Chapter 2 Bringing Systems Into Being 23
2.1 The Engineered System 24
2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering 29
2.3 The Systems Engineering Process 33
2.4 System Design Considerations 35
2.5 System Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation 41
2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering 46
2.7 Summary and Extensions 51
Questions and Problems 52

Part II The System Design Process 55
Chapter 3 Conceptual System Design 56
3.1 Problem Definition and Need Identification 57
3.2 Advanced System Planning and Architecting 58
3.3 System Design and Feasibility Analysis 60
3.4 System Operational Requirements 61
3.5 System Maintenance and Suppor 76
3.6 Technical Performance Measures 82
3.7 Functional Analysis and Allocation 86
3.8 System Trade-off Analyses 93
3.9 System Specification 95
3.10 Conceptual Design Review 95
3.11 Summary and Extensions 97
Questions and Problems 98

Chapter 4 Preliminary System Design 100
4.1 Preliminary Design Requirements 101
4.2 Development, Product, Process, and Material Specifications 102
4.3 Functional Analysis and Allocation (Subsystem) 104
4.4 Preliminary Design Criteria 112
4.5 Design Engineering Activities 114
4.6 Engineering Design Tools and Technologies 117
4.7 Trade-off Studies and Design Definition 120
4.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 123
4.9 Summary and Extensions 125
Questions and Problems 126

Chapter 5 Detail Design and Development 128
5.1 Detail Design Requirements 129
5.2 The Evolution of Detail Design 130
5.3 Integrating System Elements and Activities 134
5.4 Design Tools and Aids 136
5.5 Design Data, Information, and Integration 137
5.6 Development of Engineering Models 139
5.7 System Prototype Development 142
5.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 142
5.9 Incorporating Design Changes 146
5.10 Summary and Extensions 147
Questions and Problems 148

Chapter 6 System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 150
6.1 The Process of System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 151
6.2 Categories of System Test and Evaluation 153
6.3 Planning for System Test and Evaluation 157
6.4 Preparation for System Test and Evaluation 160
6.5 System Test, Data Collection, Reporting, and Feedback 162
6.6 Summary and Extensions 166
Questions and Problems 167

Part III Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation 169
Chapter 7 Alternatives and Models in Decision Making 170
7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 171
7.2 Models in Decision Making 172
7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 176
7.4 Decisions Involving Multiple Criteria 181
7.5 The Decision Evaluation Display 187
7.6 Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty 188
7.7 Summary and Extensions 197
Questions and Problems 199

Chapter 8 Models For Economic Evaluation 204
8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas 205
8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 210
8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative 213
8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives 221
8.5 Evaluation Involving Multiple Criteria 223
8.6 Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Futures 224
8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations 227
8.8 Break-Even Evaluation Under Risk 232
8.9 Summary and Extensions 234
Questions and Problems 234

Chapter 9 Optimization in Design and Operations 239
9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 240
9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 246
9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 267
9.4 Optimization Involving Multiple Criteria 272
9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming 274
9.6 Summary and Extensions 283
Questions and Problems 284

Chapter 10 Queuing Theory and Analysis 289
10.1 The Queuing System 290
10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 293
10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 296
10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 305
10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 308
10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 311
10.7 Summary and Extensions 318
Questions and Problems 319

Chapter 11 Control Concepts and Methods 322
11.1 Some Basic Control Concepts 323
11.2 Statistical Process Control 325
11.3 Statistical Control Charts 327
11.4 Optimum Policy Control 337
11.5 Project Control with CPM and PERT 340
11.6 Total Quality Control 350
11.7 Summary and Extensions 353
Questions and Problems 354

Part IV Design for Operational Feasibility 361
Chapter 12 Design for Reliability 362
12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 363
12.2 Measures of Reliability 364
12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 374
12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 385
12.5 Reliability Test and Evaluation 396
12.6 Summary and Extensions 404
Questions and Problems 404

Chapter 13 Design for Maintainability 410
13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability 411
13.2 Measures of Maintainability 412
13.3 Availability and Effectiveness Measures 426
13.4 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 429
13.5 Maintainability Analysis Methods 436
13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 457
13.7 Summary and Extensions 463
Questions and Problems 464

Chapter 14 Design For Usability (Human Factors) 468
14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 469
14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 481
14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 482
14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 486
14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 492
14.6 Personnel Test and Evaluation 494
14.7 Summary and Extensions 494
Questions and Problems 495

Chapter 15 Design for Logistics and Supportability 497
15.1 Definition and Explanation of Logistics and Supportability 498
15.2 Logistics in the System-of-Systems Environmen 503
15.3 The Elements of Logistics and System Support 503
15.4 The Measures of Logistics and Supportability 507
15.5 Logistics and Maintenance Support in the System Life Cycle 526
15.6 Supportability Analysis 532
15.7 Supportability Test and Evaluation 535
15.8 Summary and Extensions 537
Questions and Problems 538

Chapter 16 Design for Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability 541
16.1 Introducing Producibility,Disposability, and Sustainability 542
16.2 Producibility,Disposability, and Sustainability in the Life Cycle 545
16.3 Measures of Producibility and Production Progress 547
16.4 Design for Producibility 552
16.5 Design for Disposability 556
16.6 Design for Sustainability 558
16.7 Life-Cycle Value-Cost Diagram 560
16.8 Summary and Extensions 562
Questions and Problems 564

Chapter 17 Design for Affordability (Life-cycle Costing) 566
17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 567
17.2 Cost Considerations Over the System Life Cycle 570
17.3 A Generic Life-Cycle Costing Process 574
17.4 Life-Cycle Costing by Money Flow Modeling 591
17.5 Life-Cycle Costing by Economic Optimization 616
17.6 Applications and Benefits of Life-Cycle Costing 628
17.7 Summary and Extensions 630
Questions and Problems 631

Part V Systems Engineering Management 639
Chapter 18 Systems Engineering Planning and Organization 640
18.1 Systems Engineering Program Planning 641
18.2 Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 643
18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 658
18.4 Summary and Extensions 671
Questions and Problems 672

Chapter 19 Program Management, Control, and Evaluation 674
19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 675
19.2 Outsourcing and the Identification of Suppliers 676
19.3 Program Leadership and Direction 680
19.4 Program Evaluation and Feedback 681
19.5 Risk Management 690
19.6 Summary and Extensions 692
Questions and Problems 694

Part VI Appendices 697
Appendix A Functional Analysis 699
A.1 Functional Flow Block Diagrams 699
A.2 Some Examples of Application 701
Appendix B Design and Management Checklists 709
B.1 Design Review Checklist 709
B.2 Management Review Checklist 711
Appendix C Probability Theory and Analysis 715
C.1 Probability Concepts and Theory 715
C.2 Probability Distribution Models 718
C.3 Monte Carlo Analysis 726
Appendix D Probability and Statistical Tables 729
Table D.1 Random Rectangular Variates 729
Table D.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 729
Table D.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities 729
Appendix E Interest Factor Tables 737
Tables E.1 to E.8 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding 737
Appendix F Finite Queuing Tables 746
Tables F.1 to F.3 Finite Queuing Factors 746
Appendix G Selected Bibliography 755
G.1 Systems, Systems Analysis, and Systems Engineering 755
G.2 Concurrent and Simultaneous Engineering 757
G.3 Software and Computer-Based Systems 757
G.4 Reliability Engineering 758
G.5 Maintainability Engineering and Maintenance 759
G.6 Human Factors and Safety Engineering 760
G.7 Production, Manufacturing, and Quality Assurance 760
G.8 Logistics, Supply Chain, Supportability, and Sustainability 761
G.9 Operations Research and Operations Management 762
G.10 Engineering Economics and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 763
G.11 Management and Supporting Areas 763
Appendix H Selected Websites 765
Index