Brief Table of Contents
1. Theory Is a Good Thing
2. Psychoanalysis
3. Neoanalytic Approaches
4. Individual Psychology
5. Person-Centered Therapy
6. Existential Therapy
7. Gestalt Therapy
8. Behavior Therapy
9. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
10. Cognitive Therapy
11. Reality Therapy
12. Feminist Therapy
13. Family Systems Theory
14. Solution-Focused Therapy
15. Narrative Therapy
16. Mindfulness Approaches
17. Conclusion
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Detailed Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Theory Is a Good Thing 1
What is Theory? 2
What is Psychotherapy? 2
Why Bother With Theory? 3
Theory Is Fun 3
Theory Works 3
Theory Is Essential to Human Life 4
Counselors Who Don’t Use Theory May Get Lost 4
Your Task: Find Your Map 5
Characteristics of Good Theory 6
Precision and Testability 7
Empirical Support 8
Parsimony 16
Stimulation 16
Practicality 16
So How Do I Choose a Theory? 16
What About Me? 19
How to Use Theory 21
Ethics: The Role of Professional Values and
Standards 21
Client Welfare 21
Informed Consent 22
Confidentiality 22
Competence 23
Multiple Relationships 23
The Critical Question: How to Decide? 23
How Theory is Presented in This TEXT 24
A Case Study 24
Background 24
Basic Philosophy 24
Human Motivation 24
Central Constructs 24
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 24
Health and Dysfunction 25
Nature of Therapy 25
Process of Therapy 25
Therapeutic Techniques 26
Evaluation of the Theory 26
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 26
The Case Study 26
Another Resource FOR Learning to Use Theory 26
Closing Remark 27
Chapter 2 Psychoanalysis 28
Background 29
Basic Philosophy 32
Human Motivation 34
Central Constructs 34
Instinct Theory 34
Topographic Model: The Iceberg Approach 35
Structural Model: The Big Three 35
Repression 37
Symptoms as Symbols 37
Defense Mechanisms 38
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 39
Health and Dysfunction 42
Nature of Therapy 46
Assessment 46
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 46
Roles of Client and Counselor 47
Goals 48
Process of Therapy 48
Insight 48
Resistance 49
Transference 49
Countertransference 49
Phases of Therapy 50
Therapeutic Techniques 51
Free Association 51
Interpretation 51
Analysis of the Resistance 51
Dream Analysis 52
Analysis of the Transference 54
Evaluation of the Theory 55
Qualities of the Theory 56
Research Support 57
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 62
The Case Study 64
Chapter 3 Neoanalytic Approaches 66
Background 66
Ego Psychology: Id Loses the Limelight
Temporarily 74
Overview 74
Central Constructs 74
Theory of the Person 77
Health and Dysfunction 78
Nature of Therapy 78
Process of Therapy 79
Therapeutic Techniques 80
Object Relations: The Lego Approach 80
Overview 80
Central Constructs 83
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 85
Health and Dysfunction 86
Nature of Therapy 88
Process of Therapy 89
Therapeutic Techniques 91
Self Psychology–It’s All About Me 91
Overview 91
Central Constructs 92
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 93
Health and Dysfunction 94
Nature of Therapy 95
Process of Therapy 96
Therapeutic Techniques 97
Relational Psychoanalysis 98
Overview 98
Central Constructs 98
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 100
Health and Dysfunction 100
Nature of Therapy 100
Process of Therapy 101
Therapeutic Techniques 102
Evaluation of Neoanalytic Approaches 103
Qualities of the Theory 103
Research Support 104
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 106
The Case Study 107
Chapter 4 Individual Psychology 109
Background 110
Basic Philosophy 112
Human Motivation 113
Central Constructs 114
Lifestyle 114
Social Interest 115
Inferiority Feelings 116
Basic Tasks 117
Basic Mistakes 118
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 119
Health and Dysfunction 122
Nature of Therapy 126
Assessment 126
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 128
Roles of Client and Counselor 128
Goals 129
Process of Therapy 129
Therapeutic Techniques 131
Interpretation 131
Encouragement 132
Natural and Logical Consequences 132
Acting as If 133
Pushing the Button 133
Catching Oneself 133
Creating Images 134
Pleasing Someone 134
Paradoxical Intention 134
Evaluation of the Theory 135
Qualities of the Theory 135
Research Support 136
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 141
The Case Study 142
Chapter 5 Person-Centered Therapy 144
Background 144
Basic Philosophy 152
Human Motivation 153
Central Constructs 154
Experience 154
Actualizing Tendency 154
Organismic Valuing Process 154
Self 155
Self-Actualizing Tendency 155
Need for Positive Regard and Self-Regard 155
Conditions of Worth 156
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 157
Health and Dysfunction 158
Nature of Therapy 159
Assessment 159
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 159
Roles of Client and Counselor 160
Goals 160
Process of Therapy 161
Congruence 161
Unconditional Positive Regard 162
Empathy 163
A Fourth Condition? 164
Stages of the Therapeutic Process 164
Therapeutic Techniques 166
Evaluation of the Theory 167
Qualities of the Theory 168
Research Support 169
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 172
The Case Study 175
Chapter 6 Existential Therapy 177
Background 178
Basic Philosophy 180
Human Motivation 181
Central Constructs 181
Modes of Being 181
Anxiety 182
The Ultimate Concerns 182
Defenses 184
Theory Of The Person And Development Of The Individual 185
Health And Dysfunction 185
Nature Of Therapy 187
Assessment 187
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 187
Roles of Client and Counselor 187
Goals 188
Process Of Therapy 189
Therapeutic Techniques 190
Socratic Dialogue 190
Bracketing 191
Attention to Nonverbal Behavior 191
Self-Disclosure 191
Paradoxical Intention 191
Dereflection 192
Dream Analysis 192
Guided Fantasy 192
Evaluation Of The Theory 193
Qualities of the Theory 193
Research Support 195
Issues Of Individual And Cultural Diversity 197
The Case Study 198
Chapter 7 Gestalt Therapy 199
Background 200
Basic Philosophy 205
Human Motivation 206
Central Constructs 206
Contact 206
Needs 207
Polarities 209
Contact Disturbance 209
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 211
Health and Dysfunction 211
Nature of Therapy 214
Assessment 214
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 214
Roles of Client and Counselor 216 Goals 217
Process of Therapy 217
Therapeutic Techniques 219
Experiments 220
Therapist Self-Disclosure 220
Dialogues 221
Playing the Projection 221
Exaggeration 222
Reversals 222
Dream Work 222
Working with Polarities 223
Awareness Training or Bodywork 223
Evaluation of the Theory 223
Qualities of the Theory 224
Research Support 224
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 227
The Case Study 228
Chapter 8 Behavior Therapy 230
Background 231
Basic Philosophy 236
Human Motivation 238
Central Constructs 238
Classical Conditioning 239
Operant Conditioning 240
Observational Learning 243
Theory Of The Person And Development Of The Individual 244
Health And Dysfunction 244
Nature Of Therapy 246
Assessment 246
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 248
Roles of Client and Counselor 248
Goals 249
Process Of Therapy 250
Therapeutic Techniques 250
Relaxation Training 251
Exposure Therapy 251
Systematic Desensitization 253
Aversive Techniques 255
Shaping 255
Reinforcement 255
Differential Reinforcement 256
Extinction 256
Punishment 257
Assertiveness Training 257
Stimulus Control 258
Covert Conditioning 259
Modeling 259
Behavioral Self-Control 260
Evaluation Of The Theory 260
Qualities of the Theory 261
Research Support 261
Issues Of Individual And Cultural Diversity 264
The Case Study 266
Chapter 9 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 267
Background 267
Basic Philosophy 272
Human Motivation 273
Central Constructs 273
ABCs 273
Beliefs 274
Goals 275
Human Worth Ratings and USA 276
Secondary Disturbances 277
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 277
Health and Dysfunction 278
Nature of Therapy 280
Assessment 280
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 282
Roles of Client and Counselor 283
Goals 284
Process of Therapy 284
Therapeutic Techniques 286
Disputing 287
Bibliotherapy 287
Proselytizing 288
Recordings 288
Reframing 289
Stop and Monitor 289
Rational Coping Statements 289
Rational Emotive Imagery 290
Flamboyant Therapist Actions 290
Humor 290
Role Playing 292
Rational-Irrational Dialogues 293
Reinforcements and Penalties 293
Skill Training 294
In Vivo Desensitization 294
Acting on Rational Beliefs 294
Homework 295
Shame Attacking 297
Evaluation of the Theory 297
Qualities of the Theory 298
Research Support 299
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 302
The Case Study 304
Chapter 10 Cognitive Therapy 306
Background 307
Basic Philosophy 310
Human Motivation 311
Central Constructs 312
The Cognitive Model 312
Schemas 312
Beliefs 314
Automatic Thoughts 315
Modes 316
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 318
Health and Dysfunction 319
Nature of Therapy 323
Assessment 323
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 324
Roles of Client and Counselor 324
Goals 325
Process of Therapy 326
Therapeutic Techniques 328
Questioning 330
Downward Arrow 331
Thought Recording 331
Behavioral Experiments 331
Activity Scheduling 333
Graded Tasks 333
Social Skills Training 334
Problem Solving 334
Imagery 334
Role Playing and Other Behaviorally Oriented Techniques 334
Evaluation of the Theory 335
Qualities of the Theory 336
Research Support 336
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 342
The Case Study 344
Chapter 11 Reality Therapy 345
Background 346
Basic Philosophy 348
Human Motivation 349
Central Constructs 349
Basic Needs 349
Quality World 351
Total Behavior 352
Choice Theory 352
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 353
Health and Dysfunction 354
Nature of Therapy 356
Assessment 356
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 356
Roles of Client and Counselor 357
Goals 357
Process of Therapy 358
Therapeutic Techniques 359
Questioning 359
Bibliotherapy 360
Doing the Unexpected 360
Reframing 360
Humor 360
Self-Disclosure 361
Metaphors 361
Physical Activity and Meditation 361
Allowing or Imposing Consequences 362
Evaluation of the Theory 362
Qualities of the Theory 362
Research Support 363
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 365
The Case Study 366
Chapter 12 Feminist Therapy 368
Background 369
Basic Philosophy 372
Human Motivation 375
Central Constructs 376
Gender 376
The Personal Is Political 377
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 377
Health and Dysfunction 380
Nature of Therapy 383
Assessment 383
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 384
Roles of Client and Counselor 384
Goals 385
Process of Therapy 386
Therapeutic Techniques 387
Gender-Role and Power Analysis 387
Self-Disclosure 388
Assertiveness Training 388
Bibliotherapy 389
Evaluation of the Theory 389
Qualities of the Theory 390
Research Support 390
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 393
The Case Study 394
Chapter 13 Family Systems Theory 396
Background 397
The Satir Approach 399
Overview 399
Central Constructs 400
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 404
Health and Dysfunction 404
Nature of Therapy 405
Process of Therapy 407
Therapeutic Techniques 407
Structural Family Therapy 409
Overview 409
Central Constructs 411
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 412
Health and Dysfunction 413
Nature of Therapy 414
Process of Therapy 416
Therapeutic Techniques 417
Strategic Therapy 420
Overview 420
Central Constructs 421
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 422
Health and Dysfunction 422
Nature of Therapy 423
Process of Therapy 425
Therapeutic Techniques 426
Bowen Family Systems Theory 429
Overview 429
Central Constructs 431
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 434
Health and Dysfunction 435
Nature of Therapy 435
Process of Therapy 438
Therapeutic Techniques 438
Evaluation of the Family Systems Approaches 439
Qualities of the Theory 440
Research Support 440
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 445
The Case Study 447
Chapter 14 Solution-Focused Therapy 449
Background 449
Basic Philosophy 452
Human Motivation 456
Central Constructs 456
Exceptions 456
Change Talk 457
Solutions 457
Strengths and Resources 457
Theory Of The Person And Development Of The Individual 458
Health And Dysfunction 458
Nature Of Therapy 460
Assessment 460
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 460
Roles of Client and Counselor 461
Goals 462
Process Of Therapy 462
Therapeutic Techniques 465
Questions 466
Normalizing the Problem 466
Compliments 466
Miracle Question 467
Scaling Questions 467
Fast-Forward Questions 468
Asking About the Problem 468
Externalizing 468
First Session Formula Task 468
Generic Task 469
Breaking Patterns 469
Surprise Task 470
Write, Read, and Burn 470
Structured Fight 471
Do Something Different 471
Solution-Oriented Hypnosis 471
Evaluation Of The Theory 471
Qualities of the Theory 472
Research Support 473
Issues Of Individual And Cultural Diversity 475
The Case Study 477
Chapter 15 Narrative Therapy 478
Background 478
Basic Philosophy 480
Human Motivation 482
Central Constructs 482
Stories 482
Thinness and Thickness 483
Unique Outcomes 484
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 484
Health and Dysfunction 485
Nature of Therapy 486
Assessment 486
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 486
Roles of Client and Counselor 487
Goals 488
Process of Therapy 488
Therapeutic Techniques 492
Questioning 492
Double Listening 493
Outsider Witness Practices 493
Taking It Back Practices 494
Written Artifacts 495
Evaluation of the Theory 498
Qualities of the Theory 499
Research Support 500
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 502
The Case Study 503
Chapter 16 Mindfulness Approaches 505
Background 505
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy 508
Overview 508
Central Constructs 509
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 512
Health and Dysfunction 513
Nature of Therapy 515
Process of Therapy 516
Therapeutic Techniques 517
Dialectical Behavior Therapy 519
Overview 519
Central Constructs 521
Theory of the Person and Development of the Individual 522
Health and Dysfunction 523
Nature of Therapy 524
Process of Therapy 525
Therapeutic Techniques 527
Evaluation of Mindfulness Approaches 532
Qualities of the Theory 532
Research Support 532
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 535
The Case Study 536
Chapter 17 Conclusion 537
Is This a Good Theory? 539
Empirical Support 539
Stimulating 540
Practical 540
Your Philosophical Assumptions 540
Your Beliefs About Human Behavior 541
Your Personal Style: Approach and Technique 545
The Role of Your Clients: Diversity is Here to Stay 550
Eclectic and Integrative Approaches to Psychotherapy 550
The Contextual Model 556
Conclusion 557
References R-01
Name Index NI-01
Subject Index SI-15