As in Europe, secular nation building in Latin America challenged the traditional authority of the Roman Catholic Church in the early twentieth century. In response, Catholic social and political movements sought to contest state-led secularisation and provide an answer to the 'social question', the complex set of problems associated with urbanisation, industrialisation, and poverty. As Catholics mobilised against the secular threat, they also struggled with each other to define the proper role of the Church in the public sphere. This study utilizes recently opened files at the Vatican pertaining to Mexico's post-revolutionary Church-state conflict known as the Cristero Rebellion (1926-1929). However, looking beyond Mexico's exceptional case, the work employs a transnational framework, enabling a better understanding of the supranational relationship between Latin American Catholic activists and the Vatican. To capture this world historical context, Andes compares Mexico to Chile's own experience of religious conflict. Unlike past scholarship, which has focused almost exclusively on local conditions, Andes seeks to answer how diverse national visions of Catholicism responded to papal attempts to centralize its authority and universalize Church practices worldwide.

The Vatican and Catholic Activism in Mexico and Chile applies research on the interwar papacy, which is almost exclusively European in outlook, to a Latin American context. The national cases presented illuminate how Catholicism shaped public life in Latin America as the Vatican sought to define Catholic participation in Mexican and Chilean national politics. It reveals that Catholic activism directly influenced the development of new political movements such as Christian Democracy, which remained central to political life in the region for the remainder of the twentieth century.

Randall Fuller is the Chapman Professor of English at the University of Tulsa.

Introduction
1. Vatican Policy & Political Catholicism in Latin America before 1920
PART I: THE VATICAN & MEXICO IN THE 1920s
2. Catholic Activism in Revolutionary Mexico, c. 1920-1925
3. The Vatican & Mexico's Cristero Rebellion, 1926-1929
PART II: THE VATICAN & CHILE IN THE 1920s
4. A Transnational Triangle: The Vatican, Chilean Catholics, & Mexico's Cristero Rebellion
5. Precursors to Chilean Christian Democracy, c. 1920-1930
PART III: CONTESTING CATHOLIC ACTION
6. The Vatican & Mexican Lay Activists after the Cristero Rebellion
7. The Vatican, Chilean Conservatives, & Social Catholics in the 1930s
8. A Convergence in Rome: The 1933 Iberoamerican Congress
Conclusion
Bibliography