The Visual Arts of Africa Gender, Power, and Life Cycle Rituals

The Visual Arts of Africa: Gender, Power, and Life Cycles presents a broad geographical coverage of the rich, diverse art traditions found on the vast continent of Africa. It is designed for single-semester survey courses on African Art, and can also be used as part of a survey of global art
course. Beginning with North Africa and the Sahara and ending with South Africa, the book introduces students to major art traditions ranging from important ancient, archaeological finds to the work of artists active today, both those working with received traditions as well as those trained in
Western institutions.

The book's organization is based on a geographical approach, allowing for art works to be situated within the particular historical and cultural contexts of the different geographical regions of Africa. For each major geographical region, a selection of early documented art works to more recent art
traditions are examined. Throughout the text the authors give special attention to the important themes of gender, power, and life cycle rituals that frequently intersect with one another to inform an understanding of the arts of Africa.

Judith Perani, Professor Emerita, taught Art History at Ohio University, where she was also a member of the African Studies program.

Fred T. Smith, Professor Emeritus of Art History at Kent State University holds an MA in Anthropology from UCLA and a PhD in Art History from Indiana University, Bloomington.

Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments
Map of Africa
Timeline


INTRODUCTION
Africa
Pre-Colonial and Colonial Periods
Geography
People
Kinship
Social and Religious Associations
Cosmology and Religion
Sacred Space
Systems of Government in Africa
The Slave Trade and Colonialism
The Study of African Art
Style
Creativity and Aesthetics
Masquerade
Dress
The Artist
Art Patrons
Color, Painting and Pigments
Cloth, Textiles and Weaving
Design Techniques, Dyes and Patterns
Artistic Techniques
Pottery
Mud Architecture
Leather Working
Iron Working
Lost Wax Techniques
Wood Carving
Basketry
Ecology and the African Landscape: African Artists Respond to Natural and Man-made Change
The Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Examples of Global Warming and Deforestation in Africa
African Artists Respond
Postcolonial African Art
Contemporary African Art
Contemporary African Embroidery and Tapestry
Power, Race, and Protest: African American Voices



CHAPTER 1 Northwest Africa and the Sahara
Introduction
Saharan Rock Art
The Phoenician or Punic Tradition
Roman North Africa
Islam
Islamic North Africa
Berbers
North African Crafts
The Tuareg
Contemporary Developments
Nja Mahdaoui
Ali Omar Ermes
Farid Belkahia


CHAPTER 2 Western and Central Sudanic Societies
Introduction
The Emergence of State Societies in The Western and Central Sudan
Islamic Architecture of the Western Sudan
Inland Niger Delta Figurative Ceramics
Hausa Art Traditions of the Central Sudan
Architecture
Dress
The Fulani
Ceramic Vessel Production in Kano Nigeria
Ceramic Sculpture Traditions of the Central Sudan
Nok
Sao
Gongola Valley


CHAPTER 3 Western Sudanic Village Based Societies
Introduction
Characteristics of Western Sudan Sculptural Styles
Voltaic Speaking Peoples
Early History
Origin Myth, Belief and Figurative Sculpture
Dogon Masquerades
Architecture
The Upper Volta River Basin
Mossi
Bwa-Nuna
Frafra Funerary Ritual
Frafra Architecture and Wall Painting
Senufo
Poro Masquerades
Poro Figurative Sculpture
Mande-Speaking People
Bamana Blacksmiths
Bamana Mud Cloth
Religious Associations: Masquerades and Figurative Sculpture
Women and Pottery Production in the Western Sudan
Female Potters and Male Blacksmiths
Recent Developments
Glass Painting in Senegal
Photography in Mali
Filmmaking


CHAPTER 4 The Western Guinea Coast
Introduction to the Region
Early Sculpture Traditions: Nomoli, Pomdo and Afro-Portuguese Ivories
Baga Masks and Headdresses
Regalia of Sierra Leone Paramount Chiefs: Ivory Trumpets and Cloth
Male and Female Secret Associations
Poro
Sande
Dan-We Art of Southeastern Liberia and Western Ivory Coast
Guro
Early Photography in Africa
George A.G. Lutterodt and Albert George Lutterodt
Alphonso Lisk-Carew
Jonathon Adagogo Green
Continuity and Change in the Krio Kaba Sloht Dress
Expanding the Fancy and the Fierce: The Sculpture of John Goba
History
Secret Societies and Masquerades
The Postcolonial Period in Africa
New Art in Africa and John Goba's Sculpture


CHAPTER 5 The Arts of the Akan of the Ivory Coast and Ghana (by Martha Ehrlich, PhD)
Introduction
The Baule
Baule Masks
Baule Figures
Baule Personal Ornaments
History of Asante and the Akan Peoples of Ghana
Kumasi and Leadership Regalia
Ceremonial and Royal Dress
Cloth
Wood and Sculpture
Clay Sculpture: Funerary Heads
The Fante
New Directions in Akan Art


CHAPTER 6 Eastern Guinea Coast: The Yoruba, Nupe, and Fond and Their Influence
Introduction
Leadership: Yoruba City States
Ancient Ife
Esie Sculpture
Owo
Oyo and Ancient Nupe
Beaded Regalia
Ogboni and Oro Associations
Palace Architecture
Religion
The Nupe
Narrow Band Weaving
Nupe Woodworking
Nupe Masquerades
Nupe and Gwari Pottery
The Fon Kingdom of Dahomey
Religion
Leadership Arts
Ancestor Worship
The Yoruba Diaspora
The Fon Diaspora
New Directions in Yoruba Art
Lamidi Fakeye
Uli Beier and Suzanne Wenger
Twins Seven-Seven
Jimoh Buraimoh
Nike Olaniyidavis Davies
"Shain-Shain" Cloth


CHAPTER 7 Benin and the Lower Niger River Basin
Benin
State Organization
Royal Shrines and Commemorative Heads
Palace Architecture and Decoration
The Lower Niger River Basin
Igbo
Idoma and Northern Edo Masquerades
Ibibio Masks
Ijo
Cross River Region
Early History
Stone Monoliths
Insibidi Indigenous Visual Performed and Art Language Systems
Skin Covered Masks
Contemporary Directions in Southeastern Nigerian Art
Uche Okeke
Bruce Onobrakpeya
Sokari Douglas Camp

CHAPTER 8 Cameroon Grasffields, Ogowe River Basin, and the Northern Equatorial Forest
Introduction
Cameroon Grassfields Kingdoms
Figurative Sculpture
Dress
Indigo Dyed Cloth
Decorated Horns
Tobacco Pipes
Wooden Stools and Royalt
Regulatory Associations
Ogowe River Basin
Masquerades
Reliquary Cults
The Northern Equatorial Forest
Lega
Bwami
Mbole
The Azande and Mangbetu


CHAPTER 9 The Congo River Basin
Introduction
Early History: Bantu Migration
The Emergence of Bantu Kingdoms
Western Region
Kongo Kingdom
Western Region: Divination and Healing
Kongo
Yombe
Central Region
Yaka
Suku
Kuba
Pende
The Kuba Kingdom
Dengese
Salampasu
Choke
Ovimbundu
Southeastern Region
Luba
Songye Masquerades
Hemba Figurative Sculpture
Eastern Region: Masks
Songye
Luba
Initiation
Western and Central Pende Masquerades
New Directions in Urban Art


CHAPTER 10 State Societies of Northeastern Africa
Egypt
Predynastic and Early Dynastic
Dynastic Period
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
Late Period
Ancient Nubia
Kush
Ethiopia
Contemporary Art in Egypt, the Sudan and Ethiopia
Egypt
Sudan
Ethiopia

CHAPTER 11 Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa
East African Pastoralists
Artists and Artistry
Containers
Headrests
Coiffures
Costume and Ornament
Male Dress
Female Dress
Ornament and Gender Difference
Architecture of the Pastoralists
The Swahili Coast
Architecture
Dress
Woodcarving Traditions
Funerary Sculpture
Initiation and Leadership Sculpture
Kamba and Zaramo Figurative Sculpture
Makonde Figurative Sculpture
East Africa: New Directions
Margaret Trowell
Elimo Njau
Magdalene Odundo
Sane Wadu


CHAPTER 12 Southern Africa
Introduction
Rock Art
Lyndenburg Terra Cotta Heads
Shona Kingdoms
Southeastern Africa
New Directions in South African Art
Zimbabwe
Namibia
South Africa
Post-Apartheid Art


CHAPTER 13 Trends in Contemporary Art from Africa and its Diaspora (by Joseph L. Underwood)
Introduction
Gender
Mehdi-Georges Lahlou
Zanele Muholi
Njideka Akunyili Crosby
Toyin Ojih Odutola
Joël Andrianomearisoa
Ghana Amer
_Power
Mary Sibande
Kudzanai Chiurai
Massinissa Selmani
Emeka Ogboh
Aïda Muluneh
Wim Botha
Nandipha Mntambo
Cycles
Theo Eshetu
Viyé Diba
Houda Ghorbel
Wangechi Mutu
Lina Iris Viktor
Dawit Petros
Bofa Da Cara
Conclusion


Notes
Bibliography
Author Bios
Index