
West, The: Encounters & Transformations, Volume 1 (to 1715)
by Levack, Brian; Muir, Edward; Veldman, Meredith; Maas, MichaelRent Textbook
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Summary
Table of Contents
Documents | p. xxiii |
Maps | p. xxv |
Features | p. xxvii |
Chronologies | p. xxvii |
Preface | p. xxix |
Meet the Authors | p. xlv |
What Is the West? | p. 2 |
The Beginnings of Civilization: 10,000-2000 B.C.E. | p. 10 |
Culture, Agriculture, and Civilization | p. 12 |
The Food-Producing Revolution | p. 13 |
The First Food-Producing Communities | p. 14 |
The Birth of Civilization in Southwest Asia | p. 15 |
Sumer: A Constellation of Cities in Southern Mesopotamia | p. 15 |
From Akkad to the Amorite Invasions | p. 17 |
New Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylonia | p. 19 |
The Emergence of Egyptian Civilization | p. 20 |
The Old Kingdom, ca. 3500-2200 B.C.E. | p. 20 |
Religious Beliefs in the Old Kingdom | p. 21 |
The Pyramids | p. 24 |
The Middle Kingdom, ca. 2040-1785 B.C.E. | p. 25 |
Egyptian Encounters with Other Civilizations | p. 26 |
The Transformation of Europe | p. 27 |
The Linear Pottery Culture | p. 27 |
The Battle Axe Cultures | p. 28 |
Technology and Social Change | p. 28 |
Conclusion: Civilization and the West | p. 29 |
Justice in History: Gods and Kings in Mesopotamian Justice | p. 22 |
The International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath: Trade, Empire, and Diplomacy, 1600-550 B.C.E. | p. 32 |
Civilization of the Nile: The Egyptian Empire | p. 35 |
From the Hyksos Era to the New Kingdom | p. 35 |
Military Expansion and Diplomatic Networks: Building an Empire in Canaan and Nubia | p. 37 |
Pharaohs: Egypt's Dynamic Leaders | p. 38 |
Hatshepsut the Female Pharaoh and Thutmose III the Conqueror | p. 38 |
The Amarna Period: The Beginnings of Diplomacy | p. 39 |
The Battle of Kadesh and the Age of Ramesses | p. 39 |
Civilizations of Anatolia and Mesopotamia: The Hittite, Assyrian, and Babylonian Empires | p. 42 |
The Growth of Hittite Power: Conquest and Diversity | p. 42 |
The Mesopotamian Empires | p. 43 |
The Kingdom of Babylonia | p. 43 |
The Kingdom of Assyria | p. 43 |
Civilizations of the Mediterranean: The Minoans and the Mycenaeans | p. 44 |
Minoan Crete | p. 44 |
Mycenaean Greece | p. 45 |
Two Coastal Kingdoms: Ugarit and Troy | p. 46 |
Ugarit: A Mercantile Kingdom | p. 46 |
Troy: A City of Legend | p. 47 |
The End of the International Bronze Age and Its Aftermath | p. 48 |
The Raiders of the Land and Sea | p. 49 |
The Phoenicians: Merchants of the Mediterranean | p. 49 |
Mesopotamian Kingdoms: Assyria and Babylon, 1050-550 B.C.E. | p. 51 |
Neo-Assyrian Imperialism | p. 51 |
The Neo-Babylonian Empire | p. 52 |
Conclusion: The International Bronze Age and the Emergence of the West | p. 54 |
Justice in History: Egyptian Tomb Robbers on Trial | p. 40 |
Persians, Hebrews, and Greeks: The Foundations of Western Culture, 1100-336 B.C.E. | p. 56 |
Persia: An Empire on Three Continents | p. 58 |
Cyrus the Great and Persian Expansion | p. 59 |
A Government of Tolerance | p. 59 |
Zoroastrianism: An Imperial Religion | p. 59 |
The Achaemenid Dynasty | p. 61 |
Hebrew Civilization and Religion | p. 62 |
The Settlement in Canaan | p. 62 |
The Israelite Kingdoms | p. 62 |
The Hebrew Prophets | p. 63 |
The Babylonian Exile | p. 64 |
The Second Temple and Jewish Religious Practice | p. 65 |
The Hebrew Bible | p. 65 |
Greece Rebuilds, 1100-479 B.C.E. | p. 66 |
The Dark Age, ca. 1100-750 B.C.E. | p. 66 |
The Archaic Age, ca. 750-479 B.C.E. | p. 67 |
Homer's Epic Poems | p. 70 |
The Polis | p. 70 |
Colonization and the Settlement of New Lands | p. 70 |
Elite Athletic Competition in Greek Poleis | p. 72 |
The Hoplite Revolution | p. 72 |
Sparta: A Militarized Society | p. 73 |
Athens: Toward Democracy | p. 73 |
The Persian Wars, 490-479 B.C.E. | p. 74 |
The Marathon Campaign | p. 75 |
Athenian Naval Power and the Salamis Campaign | p. 75 |
The Classical Age of Greece, 479-336 B.C.E. | p. 76 |
The Rise and Fall of the Athenian Empire | p. 76 |
From Defensive Alliance to Athenian Empire | p. 76 |
Democracy in the Age of Pericles | p. 76 |
Conflict with Sparta: The Peloponnesian War | p. 77 |
The Collapse of Athenian Power | p. 77 |
The Social and Religious Foundations of Classical Greece | p. 79 |
Gender Roles | p. 79 |
Slavery: The Source of Greek Prosperity | p. 80 |
Religion and the Gods | p. 81 |
Intellectual Life | p. 82 |
Greek Drama | p. 82 |
Scientific Thought in Ionia | p. 83 |
The Origins of Writing History | p. 84 |
Nature versus Customs and the Origins of Philosophical Thought | p. 85 |
The Arts: Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture | p. 88 |
Conclusion: Classical Foundations of the West | p. 89 |
Encounters & Transformations: The Alphabet and Writing in Greece | p. 68 |
Justice in History: The Trial and Execution of Socrates the Questioner | p. 86 |
The Hellenistic World and the Roman Republic, 336-31 B.C.E. | p. 92 |
The Warlike Kingdom of Macedon | p. 94 |
Unity and Expansion Under King Philip | p. 95 |
The Conquests of Alexander | p. 96 |
Successor Kingdoms: Distributing the Spoils | p. 98 |
Hellenistic Society and Culture | p. 100 |
Cities: The Heart of Hellenistic Life | p. 100 |
New Opportunities for Women | p. 103 |
Hellenistic Literature, Philosophy, and Science | p. 103 |
Literature: Poetry and History Writing | p. 103 |
Philosophy: The Quest for Peace of Mind | p. 104 |
Explaining the Natural World: Scientific Investigation | p. 105 |
Encounters with Foreign Peoples | p. 106 |
Exploring the Hellenistic World | p. 107 |
Resistance to Hellenistic Culture | p. 108 |
Celts on the Fringes of the Hellenistic World | p. 108 |
Rome's Rise to Power | p. 110 |
Roman Origins and Etruscan Influences | p. 110 |
The Beginnings of the Roman State | p. 112 |
Roman Territorial Expansion | p. 114 |
Winning Control of Italy | p. 114 |
The Struggle with Carthage | p. 115 |
Conflict with the Celts | p. 117 |
Rome and the Hellenistic World | p. 117 |
The Macedonian Wars | p. 117 |
The Encounter Between Greek and Roman Culture | p. 118 |
Life in the Roman Republic | p. 119 |
Patrons and Clients | p. 119 |
Pyramids of Wealth and Power | p. 122 |
The Roman Family | p. 122 |
Beginnings of the Roman Revolution | p. 123 |
The Gracchi | p. 123 |
War in Italy and Abroad | p. 124 |
The First Triumvirate | p. 125 |
Julius Caesar and the End of the Republic | p. 125 |
Conclusion: Defining the West in the Hellenistic Age | p. 127 |
The Human Body in History: Aphrodite of Melos: The Hellenistic Portrayal of the Perfect Female | p. 102 |
Justice in History: A Corrupt Roman Governor Is Convicted of Extortion | p. 120 |
Enclosing the West: The Early Roman Empire and Its Neighbors, 31 B.C.E.-235 C.E. | p. 130 |
The Imperial Center | p. 132 |
Imperial Authority: Augustus and After | p. 132 |
The Problem of Succession | p. 134 |
The Emperor's Role: The Nature of Imperial Power | p. 135 |
The City of Rome | p. 137 |
The Agents of Control | p. 139 |
The Roman Senate: From Autonomy to Administration | p. 139 |
The Roman Army and the Power of the Emperor | p. 140 |
Life in the Roman Provinces: Assimilation, Resistance, and Romanization | p. 140 |
The Army: A Romanizing Force | p. 141 |
Administration and Commerce | p. 142 |
The Cities | p. 143 |
The Countryside | p. 145 |
Revolts Against Rome | p. 145 |
Arminius and the Revolt in Germany | p. 145 |
Boudica's Revolt in Britain | p. 147 |
The Revolt of Julius Civilis in Gaul | p. 147 |
Jewish Revolts | p. 147 |
Law, Citizenship, and Romanization | p. 149 |
The Frontier and Beyond | p. 150 |
Rome and the Parthian Empire | p. 151 |
Roman Encounters with Germanic Peoples | p. 151 |
Economic Encounters Across Continents | p. 152 |
Encounters with China | p. 152 |
Encounters with Africa | p. 153 |
Society and Culture in the Imperial Age | p. 154 |
The Upper and Lower Classes | p. 154 |
Slaves and Freedmen | p. 154 |
Women in the Roman Empire | p. 155 |
Literature and Empire | p. 156 |
Religious Life | p. 158 |
Polytheism in the Empire | p. 158 |
The Origins of Rabbinic Judaism | p. 160 |
The Emergence of Christianity | p. 160 |
The Spread of Christianity | p. 164 |
Conclusion: Rome Shapes the West | p. 165 |
Encounters & Transformations: The Roman City: Agent of Cultural Transformation | p. 144 |
Justice in History: The Trial of Jesus in Historical Perspective | p. 162 |
Late Antiquity: The Age of New Boundaries, 250-600 | p. 168 |
Crisis and Recovery in the Third Century | p. 170 |
The Breakdown of the Imperial Government | p. 170 |
The Restoration of Imperial Government | p. 172 |
Diocletian's Reforms | p. 172 |
Foundations of Late Antique Government and Society | p. 174 |
Christianizing the Empire | p. 175 |
Constantine: The First Christian Emperor | p. 175 |
The Spread of Christianity | p. 176 |
The Rise of the Bishops | p. 176 |
Christianity and the City of Rome | p. 177 |
Old Gods Under Attack | p. 178 |
New Christian Communities and Identities | p. 179 |
The Creation of New Communities | p. 180 |
Christian Doctrine and Heresy | p. 180 |
Communities of Faith and Language | p. 181 |
The Monastic Movement | p. 183 |
Monasticism, Women, and Sexuality | p. 184 |
Jews in a Christian World | p. 185 |
Access to Holiness: Christian Pilgrimage | p. 186 |
Christian Intellectual Life | p. 187 |
The Reconciliation of Christianity and the Classics | p. 187 |
Neoplatonism and Christianity | p. 189 |
The Breakup of the Roman Empire | p. 190 |
The Fall of Rome's Western Provinces | p. 190 |
Loss of Imperial Power in the West | p. 190 |
The Empire of Attila | p. 192 |
Cultural Encounters After the End of Roman Rule | p. 195 |
The Survival of Rome's Eastern Provinces | p. 196 |
Christianity and Law Under Justinian | p. 196 |
Reconquering the Provinces in the West | p. 200 |
The Struggle with Persia | p. 200 |
Conclusion: The Age of New Boundaries | p. 202 |
The Human Body in History: The Ascetic Alternative | p. 182 |
Justice in History: Two Martyrdoms: Culture and Religion on Trial | p. 198 |
Medieval Empires and Borderlands: Byzantium and Islam | p. 204 |
Byzantium: The Survival of the Roman Empire | p. 206 |
An Embattled Empire | p. 207 |
Out of the Steppes: Borderlands in Eastern Europe | p. 207 |
The Loss of the Western Provinces | p. 210 |
The Old Enemy: Persia | p. 211 |
The New Enemy: Islam | p. 212 |
Byzantine Civilization | p. 213 |
Imperial Administration and Economy | p. 213 |
The Military System of the Themes | p. 214 |
The Church and Religious Life | p. 214 |
Icons and the Iconoclastic Controversy | p. 215 |
The Macedonian Renaissance | p. 216 |
The New World of Islam | p. 219 |
Arabs Before Islam | p. 219 |
The Rise of Islam | p. 222 |
Muhammad's Teachings | p. 222 |
The Succession Crisis After Muhammad: Sunnis and Shi'ites | p. 223 |
The Umayyad Caliphate | p. 226 |
The "House of War" | p. 226 |
Governing the Islamic Empire | p. 226 |
Becoming Muslims | p. 228 |
Peoples of the Book | p. 229 |
Commercial Encounters | p. 229 |
The Breakup of the Umayyad Caliphate | p. 230 |
The Abbasid Caliphate | p. 231 |
Islamic Civilization in Europe | p. 231 |
Conclusion: Three Cultural Realms | p. 234 |
Encounters & Transformations: Ships of the Desert: Camels from Morocco to Central Asia | p. 220 |
Justice in History: "Judgment Belongs to God Alone": The Battle and Arbitration at Siffin | p. 224 |
Medieval Empires and Borderlands: The Latin West | p. 236 |
The Birth of Latin Christendom | p. 239 |
Germanic Kingdoms on Roman Foundations | p. 239 |
Anglo-Saxon England | p. 240 |
The Franks: A Dual Heritage | p. 240 |
Visigoths in Spain | p. 241 |
Lombards in Italy | p. 242 |
Different Kingdoms, Shared Traditions | p. 242 |
Civil Authority: The Roman Legacy | p. 242 |
War Leaders and Wergild: The Germanic Legacy | p. 243 |
Unity Through Law and Christianity | p. 244 |
Women and Property | p. 244 |
The Spread of Latin Christianity in the New Kingdoms of Western Europe | p. 244 |
The Growth of the Papacy | p. 245 |
Converting the Irish | p. 245 |
Converting the Anglo-Saxons | p. 245 |
Monastic Intellectual Life | p. 246 |
Jews in a Christian World | p. 247 |
The Carolingians | p. 247 |
The Leadership of Charlemagne | p. 248 |
Coronation of Charlemagne as Emperor | p. 249 |
Carolingian Rulership | p. 250 |
The Carolingian Renaissance | p. 250 |
The Division of Western Europe | p. 252 |
Invasions and Recovery in the Latin West | p. 253 |
The Polytheist Invaders of the Latin West | p. 253 |
The Rulers in the Latin West | p. 255 |
Lords and Vassals | p. 255 |
The Western European Kingdoms After the Carolingians | p. 258 |
The Conversion of the Last Polytheists | p. 260 |
The West in the East: The Crusades | p. 262 |
The Origins of Holy War | p. 263 |
Crusading Warfare | p. 264 |
The Significance of the Crusades | p. 267 |
Conclusion: An Emerging Unity in the Latin West | p. 268 |
Justice in History: Revealing the Truth: Oaths and Ordeals | p. 256 |
Encounters & Transformations: Legends of the Borderlands: Roland and El Cid | p. 266 |
Medieval Civilization: The Rise of Western Europe | p. 270 |
Two Worlds: Manors and Cities | p. 273 |
The Medieval Agricultural Revolution | p. 273 |
Technological Innovations | p. 273 |
Manors and Peasants | p. 275 |
The Great Migrations and the Hunger for Land | p. 276 |
The Growth of Cities | p. 277 |
The Challenge of Free Cities | p. 277 |
The Economic Boom Years | p. 277 |
The Consolidation of Roman Catholicism | p. 280 |
The Task of Church Reform | p. 280 |
The Pope Becomes a Monarch | p. 281 |
How the Popes Ruled | p. 282 |
The Pinnacle of the Medieval Papacy: Pope Innocent III | p. 283 |
The Troubled Legacy of the Papal Monarchy | p. 284 |
Discovering God in the World | p. 284 |
The Patron Saints | p. 285 |
The New Religious Orders | p. 287 |
The Flowering of Religious Sensibilities | p. 289 |
Creating the Outcasts of Europe | p. 289 |
The Heretics: Cathars and Waldensians | p. 290 |
Systematic Persecution of the Jews | p. 290 |
"The Living Dead": Lepers | p. 291 |
The Creation of Sexual Crimes | p. 291 |
Strengthening the Center of the West | p. 294 |
The Monarchies of Western Europe | p. 294 |
Expansion of Power: France | p. 294 |
Lord of All Lords: The King of England | p. 296 |
A Divided Regime: The German Empire | p. 297 |
Medieval Culture: The Search for Understanding | p. 298 |
Revival of Learning | p. 299 |
Scholasticism: A Christian Philosophy | p. 299 |
Universities: Organizing Learning | p. 300 |
The Ancients: Renaissance of the Twelfth Century | p. 300 |
Epic Violence and Courtly Love | p. 302 |
The Center of Medieval Culture: The Great Cathedrals | p. 302 |
Architecture: The Romanesque and Gothic Styles | p. 302 |
Music and Drama: Reaching God's Ear and the Christian's Soul | p. 304 |
Conclusion: Asserting Western Culture | p. 305 |
The Human Body in History: A Tale of Two Marys | p. 286 |
Justice in History: Inquiring into Heresy: The Inquisition in Montaillou | p. 292 |
The Medieval West in Crisis | p. 306 |
A Time of Death | p. 307 |
Mass Starvation | p. 307 |
The Black Death | p. 309 |
A Cold Wind from the East | p. 313 |
The Mongol Invasions | p. 314 |
The Rise of the Ottoman Turks | p. 315 |
Economic Depression and Social Turmoil | p. 318 |
The Collapse of International Trade and Banking | p. 318 |
Rebellions from Below | p. 319 |
An Economy of Monopolies: Guilds | p. 319 |
"Long Live the People, Long Live Liberty" | p. 319 |
An Age of Warfare | p. 321 |
The Fragility of Monarchies | p. 322 |
The Hundred Years' War | p. 323 |
From English Victories to French Salvation | p. 323 |
The Hundred Years' War in Perspective | p. 325 |
The Military Revolution | p. 328 |
A Troubled Church and the Demand for Religious Comfort | p. 328 |
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church and the Great Schism | p. 329 |
The Search for Religious Alternatives | p. 330 |
Protests Against the Papacy: New Heresies | p. 330 |
Imitating Christ: The Modern Devotion | p. 331 |
The Culture of Loss | p. 331 |
Reminders of Death | p. 332 |
Illusions of a Noble Life | p. 333 |
Pilgrims of the Imagination | p. 334 |
Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy | p. 334 |
Giovanni Boccaccio and The Decameron | p. 336 |
Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales | p. 336 |
Margery Kempe and the Autobiographical Pilgrimage | p. 336 |
Christine de Pisan and the Defense of Female Virtue | p. 337 |
Defining Cultural Boundaries | p. 337 |
Spain: Religious Communities in Tension | p. 337 |
German and Celtic Borderlands: Ethnic Communities in Tension | p. 338 |
Enemies Within | p. 338 |
Conclusion: Looking Inward | p. 339 |
The Human Body in History: The Black Death: The Signs of Disease | p. 312 |
Justice in History: The Trial of Joan of Arc | p. 326 |
The Italian Renaissance and Beyond: The Politics of Culture | p. 342 |
The Cradle of the Renaissance: The Italian City-States | p. 344 |
The Renaissance Republics: Florence and Venice | p. 345 |
Florence Under the Medici | p. 346 |
Venice, the Cosmopolitan Republic | p. 347 |
Princes and Courtiers | p. 348 |
The Ideal Prince, the Ideal Princess | p. 348 |
The Ideal Courtier | p. 349 |
The Papal Prince | p. 350 |
The Contradictions of the Patriarchal Family | p. 351 |
The Influence of Ancient Culture | p. 354 |
Petrarch and the Illustrious Ancients | p. 355 |
The Humanists: The Latin Point of View | p. 356 |
Understanding Nature: Moving Beyond the Science of the Ancients | p. 358 |
Antiquity and Nature in the Arts | p. 359 |
Sculpture, Architecture, and Painting: The Natural and the Ideal | p. 360 |
Music of the Emotions | p. 365 |
The Early Modern European State System | p. 366 |
Monarchies: The Foundation of the State System | p. 367 |
France: Consolidating Power and Cultivating Renaissance Values | p. 367 |
Spain: Unification by Marriage | p. 368 |
The Holy Roman Empire: The Costs of Decentralization | p. 370 |
England: From Civil War to Stability Under the Tudors | p. 370 |
The Origins of Modern Historical and Political Thought | p. 371 |
History: The Search for Causes | p. 371 |
Political Thought: Considering the End Result | p. 372 |
Conclusion: The Politics of Culture | p. 373 |
Justice in History: Vendetta as Private Justice | p. 352 |
The Human Body in History: The Natural and the Ideal Body in Renaissance Art | p. 362 |
The West and the World: The Significance of Global Encounters, 1450-1650 | p. 376 |
Europeans in Africa | p. 378 |
Sub-Saharan Africa Before the Europeans Arrived | p. 378 |
European Voyages Along the African Coast | p. 380 |
New Maritime Technology | p. 381 |
New Colonialism | p. 382 |
The Portuguese in Africa | p. 383 |
Europeans in the Americas | p. 384 |
The Americas Before the Conquistadores | p. 384 |
The Aztec Empire of Mexico | p. 384 |
The Incan Empire of the Andes | p. 385 |
The Mission of the European Voyagers | p. 386 |
The Fall of the Aztec and Incan Empires | p. 388 |
Hernan Cortes and the Conquest of Mexico | p. 389 |
Francisco Pizarro and the Conquest of Peru | p. 390 |
Spanish America: The Transplanting of a European Culture | p. 391 |
Portuguese Brazil: The Tenuous Colony | p. 393 |
North America: The Land of Lesser Interest | p. 396 |
Europeans in Asia | p. 397 |
Asia Before the European Empires | p. 397 |
The Trading Post Empires | p. 398 |
The Beginnings of the Global System | p. 399 |
The Columbian Exchange | p. 400 |
The Slave Trade | p. 400 |
Biological Exchanges | p. 401 |
The Problem of Cultural Diversity | p. 403 |
The Capitalist Global Economy | p. 404 |
Conclusion: The Significance of the Global Encounters | p. 405 |
Encounters & Transformations: Between Indian and Christian: Creating Hybrid Religion in Mexico | p. 392 |
Justice in History: The Difficulties of a Transatlantic Marriage | p. 394 |
The Reformations of Religion | p. 408 |
Causes of the Reformation | p. 410 |
The Search for Spiritual and Fiscal Freedom | p. 410 |
The Print Revolution | p. 411 |
The Northern Renaissance and the Christian Humanists | p. 413 |
The Lutheran Reformation | p. 415 |
Martin Luther and the Break with Rome | p. 415 |
The Ninety-Five Theses | p. 416 |
The Path to the Diet of Worms | p. 417 |
The Lutheran Reformation in the Cities and Principalities | p. 417 |
The Appeal of the Reformation to Women | p. 418 |
The German Peasants' Revolt | p. 420 |
Lutheran Success | p. 420 |
The Diversity of Protestantism | p. 421 |
The Reformation in Switzerland | p. 421 |
Zwingli's Zurich | p. 421 |
Calvin's Geneva | p. 422 |
The Reformation in Britain | p. 423 |
The Tudors and the English Reformation | p. 423 |
Scotland: The Citadel of Calvinism | p. 425 |
The Radical Reformation | p. 425 |
Anabaptists: The Holy Community | p. 425 |
Spiritualists: The Holy Individual | p. 428 |
Unitarians: A Rationalist Approach | p. 429 |
The Free World of Eastern Europe | p. 429 |
The Catholic Reformation | p. 430 |
The Religious Orders in the Catholic Reformation | p. 431 |
Jesuits: The Soldiers of God | p. 431 |
Women's Orders: In But Not of the World | p. 433 |
Paul III, The First Counter Reformation Pope | p. 434 |
The Council of Trent | p. 434 |
The Reformation in the Arts | p. 435 |
Protestant Iconoclasm | p. 435 |
Counter Reformation Art | p. 437 |
Sacred Music: Praising God | p. 438 |
Conclusion: Competing Understandings | p. 439 |
Justice in Mistory: The Trial of Anne Boleyn: The Dynastic Crime | p. 426 |
The Human Body in History: The Ecstasy of Teresa of Avila: The Body and the Soul | p. 432 |
The Age of Confessional Division | p. 442 |
The Peoples of Early Modern Europe | p. 444 |
The Population Recovery | p. 445 |
The Prosperous Villages | p. 445 |
The Regulated Cities | p. 446 |
The Price Revolution | p. 448 |
Disciplining the People | p. 450 |
Establishing Confessional Identities | p. 450 |
Regulating the Family | p. 451 |
Marriage and Sexuality: The Self-Restrained Couple | p. 451 |
Children: Naturally Evil? | p. 454 |
Suppressing Popular Culture | p. 455 |
Hunting Witches | p. 457 |
The Confessional States | p. 460 |
The French Wars of Religion | p. 460 |
The Huguenots: The French Calvinist Community | p. 460 |
The Origins of the Religious Wars | p. 461 |
Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day | p. 462 |
Philip II, His Most Catholic Majesty | p. 464 |
The Dutch Revolt | p. 465 |
Literature in the Age of Confessional Division | p. 466 |
French Literature during the Religious Turmoil | p. 467 |
Stirrings of the Golden Age in Iberia | p. 468 |
The Elizabethan Renaissance | p. 468 |
States and Confessions in Eastern Europe | p. 469 |
The Dream World of Emperor Rudolf | p. 470 |
The Renaissance of Poland-Lithuania | p. 471 |
The Troubled Legacy of Ivan the Terrible | p. 471 |
Conclusion: The Divisions of the West | p. 474 |
Justice in History: The Auto-da-Fe: The Power of Penance | p. 452 |
Encounters & Transformations: The Introduction of the Table Fork: The New Sign of Western Civilization | p. 456 |
Absolutism and State Building, 1618-1715 | p. 476 |
The Nature of Absolutism | p. 478 |
The Theory of Absolutism | p. 479 |
The Practice of Absolutism | p. 479 |
Warfare and the Absolutist State | p. 480 |
The Absolutist State in France and Spain | p. 481 |
The Foundations of French Absolutism | p. 481 |
Absolutism in the Reign of Louis XIV | p. 483 |
Louis XIV and the Culture of Absolutism | p. 484 |
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714 | p. 486 |
Absolutism and State Building in Spain | p. 488 |
Absolutism and State Building in Central and Eastern Europe | p. 491 |
Germany and the Thirty Years'War, 1618-1648 | p. 491 |
The Growth of the Prussian State | p. 494 |
The Austrian Habsburg Monarchy | p. 495 |
The Ottoman Empire: Between East and West | p. 496 |
Russia and the West | p. 497 |
Resistance to Absolutism in England and the Dutch Republic | p. 499 |
The English Monarchy | p. 499 |
The English Civil Wars and Revolution | p. 500 |
Later Stuart Absolutism and the Glorious Revolution | p. 504 |
The Dutch Republic | p. 506 |
Conclusion: The Western State in the Age of Absolutism | p. 509 |
Encounters & Transformations: St. Petersburg and the West | p. 498 |
Justice in History: The Trial of Charles I | p. 502 |
The Scientific Revolution | p. 512 |
The Discoveries and Achievements of the Scientific Revolution | p. 514 |
Astronomy: A New Model of the Universe | p. 514 |
Physics: The Laws of Motion and Gravitation | p. 517 |
Chemistry: Discovering the Elements of Nature | p. 518 |
Biology: The Circulation of the Blood | p. 519 |
The Search for Scientific Knowledge | p. 519 |
Observation and Experimentation | p. 521 |
Deductive Reasoning | p. 521 |
Mathematics and Nature | p. 521 |
The Mechanical Philosophy | p. 522 |
The Causes of the Scientific Revolution | p. 523 |
Developments Within Science | p. 523 |
Late Medieval Science | p. 523 |
Renaissance Science | p. 523 |
The Collapse of Paradigms | p. 525 |
Developments Outside Science | p. 525 |
Protestantism | p. 525 |
Patronage | p. 526 |
The Printing Press | p. 527 |
Military and Economic Change | p. 527 |
Voyages of Exploration | p. 527 |
The Intellectual Effects of the Scientific Revolution | p. 528 |
Education | p. 528 |
Skepticism and Independent Reasoning | p. 528 |
Science and Religion | p. 529 |
Magic, Demons, and Witchcraft | p. 531 |
Humans and the Natural World | p. 534 |
The Place of Human Beings in the Universe | p. 535 |
The Control of Nature | p. 535 |
Women, Men, and Nature | p. 536 |
Conclusion: Science and Western Culture | p. 538 |
The Human Body in History: Dissecting the Human Corpse | p. 520 |
Justice in History: The Trial of Galileo | p. 532 |
Glossary | p. 1 |
Credits | p. 1 |
Index | p. 1 |
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