West, The: Encounters & Transformations, Volume C (since 1789)
by Levack, Brian; Muir, Edward; Veldman, Meredith; Maas, MichaelWe're Sorry
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Summary
Table of Contents
Documents | p. xv |
Maps | p. xv |
Features | p. xvi |
Chronologies | p. xvi |
Preface | p. xvii |
Meet the Authors | p. xxxiii |
What Is the West? | p. 2 |
The Age of the French Revolution, 1789-1815 | p. 606 |
The First French Revolution, 1789-1791 | p. 609 |
The Beginning of the Revolution | p. 609 |
The Creation of a New Political Society | p. 611 |
Responses to the First French Revolution | p. 612 |
The French Republic, 1792-1799 | p. 613 |
The Establishment of the Republic, 1792 | p. 614 |
The Jacobins and the Revolution | p. 616 |
The Reign of Terror, 1793-1794 | p. 620 |
The Directory, 1795-1799 | p. 621 |
Cultural Change in France During the Revolution | p. 623 |
The Transformation of Cultural Institutions | p. 623 |
Schools | p. 623 |
Academies | p. 623 |
Libraries | p. 624 |
Museums and Monuments | p. 624 |
The Creation of a New Political Culture | p. 625 |
Cultural Uniformity | p. 627 |
The Napoleonic Era, 1799-1815 | p. 627 |
Napoleon's Rise to Power | p. 628 |
Napoleon and the Revolution | p. 628 |
Napoleon and the French State | p. 630 |
Concordat with the Papacy | p. 630 |
The Civil Code | p. 631 |
Administrative Centralization | p. 631 |
Napoleon, the Empire, and Europe | p. 632 |
The Downfall of Napoleon | p. 636 |
The Legacy of the French Revolution | p. 639 |
Conclusion: The French Revolution and Western Civilization | p. 640 |
Justice in History: The Trial of Louis XVI | p. 618 |
Encounters & Transformations: The French Encounter the Egyptians, 1798-1801 | p. 634 |
The Industrial Revolution | p. 642 |
The Nature of the Industrial Revolution | p. 644 |
New Industrial Technology | p. 645 |
Textile Machinery | p. 645 |
The Steam Engine | p. 646 |
Mineral Sources of Energy | p. 646 |
The Growth of Factories | p. 648 |
New Methods of Transportation | p. 650 |
Conditions Favoring Industrial Growth | p. 651 |
Population Growth | p. 651 |
Agricultural Productivity | p. 652 |
Capital Formation and Accumulation | p. 652 |
Technological Knowledge and Entrepreneurship | p. 653 |
Demand from Consumers and Producers | p. 653 |
The Spread of Industrialization | p. 654 |
Great Britain and the Continent | p. 654 |
Features of Continental Industrialization | p. 657 |
Industrialization in the United States | p. 658 |
Industrial Regionalism | p. 659 |
The Effects of Industrialization | p. 659 |
Population and Economic Growth | p. 660 |
Standards of Living | p. 660 |
Women, Children, and Industry | p. 662 |
Class and Class Consciousness | p. 663 |
The Industrial Landscape | p. 667 |
Industry, Trade, and Empire | p. 669 |
East Asia: The Opium War, 1839-1842 | p. 670 |
India: Annexation and Trade | p. 670 |
Latin America: An Empire of Trade | p. 671 |
Ireland: The Internal Colony | p. 671 |
Conclusion: Industrialization and the West | p. 671 |
Justice in History: The Sadler Committee on Child Labor | p. 664 |
Encounters & Transformations: The Peterloo Massacre 1819 | p. 668 |
Ideological Conflict and National Unification, 1815-1871 | p. 674 |
New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century | p. 676 |
Liberalism: The Protection of Individual Freedom | p. 676 |
Conservatism: Preserving the Established Order | p. 678 |
Socialism: The Demand for Equality | p. 679 |
Nationalism: The Unity of the People | p. 681 |
Culture and Ideology | p. 682 |
Scientific Rationalism | p. 682 |
Romanticism | p. 683 |
Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848 | p. 685 |
Liberal and Nationalist Revolts, 1820-1825 | p. 686 |
The Liberal Revolt of 1820 in Spain and Portugal | p. 686 |
The Nationalist Revolt of 1821 in Greece | p. 686 |
The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 in Russia | p. 687 |
Liberal and Nationalist Revolts, 1830 | p. 687 |
The French Revolution: The Success of Liberalism | p. 687 |
The Belgian Revolution: The Success of Nationalism | p. 688 |
The Polish Rebellion: The Failure of Nationalism | p. 689 |
Liberal Reform in Britain, 1815-1848 | p. 690 |
The Revolutions of 1848 | p. 692 |
The French Revolutions of 1848 | p. 692 |
The Revolutions of 1848 in Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia | p. 693 |
The Revolutions of 1848 in Italy | p. 695 |
The Failure of the Revolutions of 1848 | p. 698 |
National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871 | p. 698 |
Italian Unification: Building a Fragile Nation-State | p. 698 |
German Unification: Conservative Nation-Building | p. 700 |
Unification in the United States: Creating a Nation of Nations | p. 703 |
Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Preserving Multinational Empires | p. 704 |
Ideology, Empire, and the Balance of Power | p. 705 |
Britain, the United States, and the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 | p. 705 |
Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimean War, 1853-1856 | p. 706 |
The German Empire and the Paris Commune, 1870-1871 | p. 706 |
Conclusion: The Ideological Transformation of the West | p. 708 |
The Human Body in History: Mary Shelley's Frankenstein: The Body in Romantic Literature | p. 684 |
Justice in History: Prostitution, Corporal Punishment, and Liberalism in Germany | p. 696 |
The Coming of Mass Politics: Industrialization, Emancipation, and Instability, 1870-1914 | p. 710 |
Economic Transformation | p. 712 |
Economic Depression | p. 712 |
Industrial Expansion | p. 712 |
The Second Industrial Revolution | p. 713 |
On the Move: Emigration and Urbanization | p. 715 |
Growing Social Unrest | p. 716 |
Defining the Political Nation | p. 717 |
Nation Making | p. 717 |
Franchise Expansion | p. 717 |
Social Reform | p. 718 |
Schooling the Nation | p. 719 |
Inventing Traditions | p. 719 |
Crisis, Revolution, and Civil War: The Examples of France, Russia, and Ireland | p. 720 |
France: A Crisis of Legitimacy | p. 720 |
Russia: Revolution and Reaction | p. 721 |
The Irish Identity Conflict | p. 725 |
Broadening the Political Nation | p. 725 |
The Politics of the Working Class | p. 725 |
The Workers' City | p. 725 |
Working-Class Socialism and the Revolutionary Problem | p. 726 |
Radical Trade Unions and the Anarchist Threat | p. 728 |
The Politics of Race and Nation | p. 729 |
Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary: The Politics of Division | p. 729 |
Anti-Semitism in Mass Politics | p. 731 |
Zionism: Jewish Mass Politics | p. 732 |
Outside the Political Nation? The Experience of Women | p. 732 |
Changes in the Position of Middle-Class Women | p. 733 |
Women and the Law | p. 735 |
Finding a Place: Employment and Education | p. 736 |
No More Angels | p. 737 |
The Fight for Women's Suffrage | p. 737 |
Conclusion: The West in an Age of Mass Politics | p. 739 |
Justice in History: The Dreyfus Affair: Defining National Identity in France | p. 722 |
The Human Body in History: Men in Black | p. 734 |
The West and the World: Cultural Crisis and the New Imperialism, 1870-1914 | p. 742 |
Scientific Transformations | p. 744 |
Medicine and Microbes | p. 744 |
The Triumph of Evolutionary Science | p. 745 |
Social Darwinism and Racial Hierarchies | p. 747 |
The Revolution in Physics | p. 748 |
Social Thought: The Revolt Against Positivism | p. 749 |
Cultural Crisis: The Fin-de-Siecle and the Birth of Modernism | p. 750 |
The Fin-de-Siecle | p. 750 |
Tightening Gender Boundaries | p. 751 |
The Birth of Modernism | p. 754 |
Popular Religion and Secularization | p. 758 |
The New Imperialism | p. 759 |
Understanding the New Imperialism | p. 759 |
Technology, Economics, and Politics | p. 759 |
The Imperial Idea | p. 760 |
The Scramble for Africa | p. 761 |
Overcoming the Obstacles | p. 763 |
Slicing the Cake: The Conquest of Africa | p. 765 |
African Resistance | p. 766 |
Asian Encounters | p. 766 |
Expanding the West: The United States and Australia | p. 768 |
The Continued Expansion of the Russian Empire | p. 769 |
Japanese Industrial and Imperial Expansion | p. 770 |
Scrambling in China | p. 771 |
A Glimpse of Things to Come: The Boer War | p. 772 |
Conclusion: Reshaping the West: Expansion and Fragmentation | p. 733 |
Justice in History: The Trial of Oscar Wilde | p. 752 |
Encounters & Transformations: Picasso Goes to the Museum | p. 762 |
The First World War | p. 776 |
The Origins of the First World War | p. 778 |
Nationalism in Eastern Europe: Austria-Hungary and the Problem of Serbia | p. 779 |
International Competition and Rival Alliance Systems | p. 779 |
Mobilization Plans and the Industrialized Military | p. 781 |
The Will to War | p. 783 |
The Experience of Total War | p. 785 |
The Western Front: Stalemate in the Trenches | p. 785 |
The Troglodyte War | p. 785 |
The Offensives | p. 786 |
A Modernist War | p. 788 |
The War in Eastern Europe | p. 789 |
The Eastern Front: A War of Movement | p. 789 |
The Forgotten Front: The Balkans | p. 791 |
The World at War | p. 791 |
The War at Sea and the Entry of the United States | p. 793 |
Back in Motion: The Western Front in 1918 | p. 794 |
The Home Fronts | p. 794 |
Industrial War | p. 794 |
The Expansion of the State | p. 795 |
The Politics of Total War | p. 795 |
The World Turned Upside Down | p. 796 |
The War's Impact on Social Relations | p. 796 |
The War's Impact on Gender Relations | p. 796 |
Identifying the Enemy: From Propaganda to Genocide | p. 797 |
War and Revolution | p. 800 |
The Russian Revolutions | p. 800 |
The March Revolution | p. 800 |
The November Revolution | p. 801 |
The Spreading Revolution | p. 802 |
The Failure of Wilson's Revolution | p. 803 |
The Treaty of Versailles and German Democracy | p. 806 |
The Failure of National Self-Determination | p. 806 |
The Limits of the League | p. 808 |
The Making of the Modern Middle East | p. 809 |
Conclusion: The War and the West | p. 810 |
The Human Body in History: Shell Shock: From Woman's Malady to Soldier's Affliction | p. 798 |
Justice in History: Revolutionary Justice: The Nontrial of Nicholas and Alexandra | p. 804 |
Reconstruction, Reaction, and Continuing Revolution: The 1920s and 1930s | p. 812 |
Cultural Despair and Desire | p. 814 |
The Waste Land | p. 814 |
Building Something Better | p. 815 |
Machinery and Movement | p. 815 |
Scientific Possibilities | p. 816 |
Out of the Trenches: Reconstructing Natural and Gender Politics in the 1920s | p. 818 |
The Reconstruction of Russia: From Tsar to Commissar | p. 818 |
The Reconstruction of National Politics in Eastern and Central Europe | p. 820 |
The Defeat of Democracy in Eastern Europe | p. 820 |
The Weakness of the Weimar Republic | p. 820 |
The Reconstruction of Gender | p. 824 |
The New Woman | p. 824 |
The Reconstruction of Traditional Roles | p. 825 |
Women and the Bolshevik Revolution | p. 826 |
The Rise of the Radical Right | p. 826 |
The Fascist Alternative | p. 826 |
Mussolini's Rise to Power | p. 826 |
The Fascist Revolution in Italy | p. 827 |
The Great Depression and the Spread of Fascism After 1929 | p. 828 |
The Nazi Revolution | p. 829 |
Hitler's Rise to Power | p. 829 |
National Recovery | p. 830 |
Campaigns of Repression and Terror | p. 832 |
Women and the Radical Right | p. 832 |
The Polarization of Politics in the 1930s | p. 832 |
The Soviet Union Under Stalin: Revolution Reconstructed, Terror Extended | p. 833 |
Stalin's Rise to Power | p. 833 |
The "Revolution from Above": Collectivization and Industrialization, 1928-1934 | p. 834 |
Stalin's Consolidation of Power: The Great Purge and Soviet Society, 1934-1939 | p. 835 |
Stalin and the Nation | p. 836 |
The Response of the Democracies | p. 837 |
A Third Way? The Social Democratic Alternative | p. 838 |
The Popular Front in France | p. 839 |
The Spanish Civil War | p. 839 |
The West and the World: Imperialism in the Interwar Era | p. 840 |
The Irish Revolution | p. 840 |
Changing Power Equations: Ideology and Economics | p. 840 |
Postwar Nationalism, Westernization, and the Islamic Challenge | p. 841 |
The Emergence of Pan-Arabism | p. 842 |
State Nationalism on the Western Model | p. 842 |
The Islamic Challenge | p. 843 |
Moral Revolution in India | p. 843 |
The Power of the Primitive | p. 845 |
Conclusion: The Kingdom of Corpses | p. 846 |
Justice in History: The Trial of Adolf Hitler | p. 822 |
Encounters & Transformations: From Mohandas to Mahatma: Gandhi's Transformation | p. 844 |
World War II | p. 848 |
The Coming of War | p. 850 |
An Uneasy Peace | p. 850 |
The 1930s: Prelude to World War II | p. 851 |
Evaluating Appeasement | p. 853 |
Europe at War, 1939-1941 | p. 854 |
A New Kind of Warfare | p. 854 |
The Conquest of Poland | p. 854 |
Blitzkrieg on Western Europe | p. 855 |
The Battle of Britain | p. 856 |
The Invasion of the Soviet Union | p. 856 |
A Crucial Postponement | p. 857 |
Early Success | p. 858 |
The Fatal Winter | p. 858 |
The World at War, 1941-1945 | p. 859 |
The Globalization of the War | p. 859 |
From Allied Defeat to Allied Victory | p. 860 |
The Turning Point: Midway, El Alamein, and Stalingrad | p. 860 |
The Allies on the Offensive | p. 862 |
The Fall of Germany | p. 863 |
The Air War, the Atom Bomb, and the Fall of Japan | p. 865 |
The Air War | p. 866 |
The Manhattan Project | p. 866 |
A Light Brighter Than a Thousand Suns | p. 867 |
The War Against the Jews | p. 868 |
From Emigration to Extermination: The Evolution of Genocide | p. 869 |
The Death Camps: Murder by Assembly Line | p. 870 |
The Allies' Response | p. 872 |
The Home Front: The Other Wars | p. 872 |
The Limits of Resistance | p. 872 |
Civil War in Yugoslavia | p. 876 |
Under Occupation | p. 876 |
The Women's War | p. 877 |
What Are We Fighting For? | p. 879 |
Myth Making and Morale Building | p. 879 |
Planning for Reconstruction | p. 879 |
Conclusion: The New West: After Auschwitz and the Atom Bomb | p. 880 |
The Human Body in History: The GI | p. 864 |
Justice in History: The Trial of Adolf Eichmann | p. 874 |
Redefining the West After World War II | p. 884 |
A Dubious Peace, 1945-1949 | p. 886 |
Devastation, Death, and Continuing War | p. 886 |
From Hot to Cold War | p. 888 |
Fraying Seams, 1943-1945 | p. 888 |
Torn in Two, 1946-1949 | p. 889 |
The West and the World: Decolonization and the Cold War | p. 892 |
The End to the Age of European Empires | p. 892 |
The Imperialist Legacy | p. 895 |
The Globalization of the Cold War | p. 896 |
The Korean War, 1950-1953 | p. 896 |
Changing Temperatures in the Cold War, 1953-1960 | p. 898 |
On the Brink: The Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis | p. 899 |
Cold War Arenas: Vietnam and the Middle East | p. 899 |
The Third World | p. 900 |
The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950s and 1960s | p. 901 |
From Stalinist Terror to De-Stalinization | p. 901 |
Re-Stalinization and Stagnation: The Brezhnev Era | p. 904 |
Diversity and Dissent in Eastern Europe | p. 905 |
1956 and After | p. 905 |
The Prague Spring | p. 906 |
The West: Consensus, Consumption, and Culture | p. 907 |
The Triumph of Democracy | p. 907 |
Prosperity in the West | p. 908 |
Economic Integration | p. 908 |
The Age of Affluence | p. 908 |
Western Culture and Thought in the Age of Consumption | p. 909 |
Finding Meaning in the Age of Auschwitz and the Atom Bomb | p. 909 |
Culture and Ideas in the World of Plenty | p. 911 |
Science and Religion in an Age of Mass Consumption | p. 912 |
Social Encounters in the Age of Affluence | p. 913 |
Americanization, Coca-Colonization, and the Gaullist Protest | p. 913 |
Immigration and Ethnic Diversity | p. 914 |
The Second Sex? | p. 915 |
The Protest Era | p. 914 |
Conclusion: New Definitions, New Divisions | p. 920 |
Justice in History: Show Time: The Trial of Rudolf Slansky | p. 902 |
The Human Body in History: The Pill: Controlling the Female Body | p. 918 |
The West in the Contemporary Era: New Encounters and Transformations | p. 922 |
Economic Stagnation and Political Change: The 1970s and 1980s | p. 924 |
The 1970s: A More Uncertain Era | p. 924 |
The Era of Detente | p. 924 |
Economic Crisis in the West | p. 925 |
Consequences of the Crisis | p. 926 |
The 1980s: The End of Political Consensus in the West | p. 927 |
The New Conservatives | p. 928 |
New Challenges and New Identities: New Feminism | p. 928 |
New Challenges and New Identities: Environmentalism | p. 929 |
From Detente to Renewed Cold War | p. 930 |
Revolution in the East | p. 931 |
The Crisis of Legitimacy in the East | p. 931 |
The Moment of Solidarity, the Moment of Punk | p. 931 |
Nature and the Nation | p. 933 |
Gorbachev and Radical Reform | p. 934 |
Glasnost and Perestroika | p. 934 |
Ending the Cold War | p. 935 |
The Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe | p. 935 |
The Disintegration of the Soviet Union | p. 936 |
In the Wake of Revolution | p. 938 |
Crisis Throughout the Former Soviet Union | p. 938 |
Eastern Europe: Stumbling Toward Democracy | p. 939 |
The "German Problem"? | p. 940 |
The Breakup of Yugoslavia | p. 940 |
Rethinking the West | p. 943 |
The European Union | p. 945 |
Islam, Terrorism, and European Identity | p. 945 |
Muslim Communities in Europe | p. 945 |
Terrorism, the West, and the Middle East | p. 945 |
Islamism and the West | p. 948 |
Euro-Islam | p. 950 |
Into the Postmodern Era | p. 951 |
The Making of the Postmodern | p. 951 |
Postmodern Cultures and Postindustrial Technologies | p. 952 |
Postmodern Patterns in Religious Life | p. 953 |
The Global Challenge | p. 954 |
The Global Economy | p. 954 |
The Environmental Crisis | p. 955 |
Conclusion: Where Is the West Now? | p. 956 |
Encounters & Transformations: Rock and the Velvet Revolution | p. 932 |
Justice in History: The Sentencing of Salman Rushdie | p. 946 |
Glossary | p. 1 |
Credits | p. 1 |
Index | p. 1 |
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